Old Bazaar, Skopje

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File:Beogradska ulica u Staroj čaršiji u Skoplju.JPG
Typical street in the Old Bazaar

The Old Bazaar (Macedonian: Стара чаршија, Stara čaršija; Albanian: Çarshia e Vjetër; from the Turkish: Çarşı meaning marketplace) in Skopje is situated on the eastern bank of the Vardar River, stretching from the Stone Bridge to the Bit-Pazar and from the Skopje Fortress to the Serava river.[1] The Old Bazaar falls primarily within the borders of Čair Municipality and is a protected national landmark.[2]

The earliest known sources that describe the existence of a merchant quarter on the bazaar's territory date back to the 12th century.[3] During Ottoman rule of Skopje, the Old Bazaar developed rapidly to become city's main centre of commerce. The Ottoman history of the bazaar is evidenced by roughly thirty mosques, numerous caravanserais and hans, among other buildings and monuments. The bazaar was heavily damaged by earthquakes that occurred in 1555 and 1963, as well as during the First and the Second World Wars and faced various rebuildings following these events.

Ottoman architecture is predominant in the Old Bazaar, although remains of Byzantine architecture are evident as well, while recent reconstructions have led to the application of elements specific to modern architecture. Many of the historic buildings of the bazaar have been transformed into museums and galleries. It is, however, still home to several active mosques, türbes, two churches and a clocktower, that, together with the buildings of the Museum of Macedonia and the Museum of Modern Art, form the core of the modern bazaar.

On 13 October 2008, the Macedonian Parliament adopted a law recognising the Old Bazaar as cultural heritage of particular importance for the country to be permanently protected.[4] In early 2010, the Macedonian Government began a project for the revitalisation of the Old Bazaar, which includes the restoration of several objects and aiming a further economic and cultural development of the site.[5]

History

Early period

The earliest known archaeological findings revealed at the Kale Fortress testify that the surrounding area has been inhabited since 4,000 BC, while the earliest historical facts mention the Paeonians as the first people who settled up on this area.[6]

Following the fall of the city of Scupi under Roman rule, numerous Roman buildings, such as temples, thermaes, and theatres were built inside the city, that subsequently promoted it as an important religious and cultural centre in the Roman Empire.

In 518, Scupi was heavily damaged by a devastating earthquake, which prompted the Byzantine emperor Justinian I to rebuild a new capital that was located distantly from the destroyed city.[7] Nevertheless, the local population settled up on a hilly area, where, later, the emperor Justinian ordered the construction of the Kale Fortress.[6]

During the reign of king Samuel, Skopje was given a particular strategic, political, economic, and cultural importance, so that the surrounding area of the Kale hill was embanked by the enactment of defensive walls, in order to keep the treasures that were present in the settlement. At the time, there was a gate named "Watertower Gate", which was built with the purpose to defend the city against the successive attacks by the Byzantine emperor Basil II in 1001.[8]

Middle Ages

Byzantine rule

After the fall of the First Bulgarian Empire under Byzantine rule in 1018, the emperor Basil II transformed Skopje into a capital of a theme and an episcopal see, whose bishop was elected for a four-year term. Following the death of Basil, his successor, Romanos III Argyros, undertook activities to reconstruct the Monastery of St. Georgi, which, according to the deed of the Serbian king Stephen Uroš II Milutin of Serbia from 1300, was situated on the hill called "Virgin", elevated on the bank of the river Serava, the place where today the Sultan Murad Mosque is located. It is said that the monastery, at the time, was one of the most reputable and decorated monasteries in most of the Balkans.[9]

Landmarks

File:Ulaz u nekadašnji bezistan u Skoplju.JPG
Bezisten

Bezisten

Skopje's bezisten, a covered market, was built in the 15th century by Gazi Ishak Bey, the Sultan's Skopje regent. It was destroyed by a fire in 1689 and was later rebuilt. The bezisten has looked the same since its renovation in 1899.[10]

Clock tower

Skopje's clock tower, built in the 16th century on the foundations of an older edifice, is located just north of the Sultan Murad Mosque. Originally built of wood, the top was replaced with bricks in 1902.[11]

The hexagonal tower was heavily damaged during the 1963 earthquake. It was soon fully repaired.[10]

Çifte Hamam

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Main article: Čifte Hammam
Çifte Hamam

The Çifte Hamam (Turkish for 'double bath'), located in the centre of the old bazaar, was built in the 15th century under Isa Bey. The building is divided into two wings (hence the name 'double'): one for men and one for women. The layout of both sections are nearly identical.[12]

The Çifte Hamam was used as a bathhouse until 1915. After suffering damages during the 1963 earthquake, it was repaired and has housed the Contemporary Art Gallery since then.[13]

Daut Paşa Hamam

Daut Paşa, Grand Vesir of East Rumelia, constructed this hamam in the 15th century. The building consists of fifteen rooms covered by thirteen domes. The two largest domes covered the two changing rooms and the rest of the domes covered individual bathing rooms.[14]

Since 1948, the Daut Paşa Hamam has housed the National Art Gallery.[10]

Isa Bey Mosque

Ishak Bey Mosque

Situated on the outskirts of the bazaar, this mosque was built as a memorial for Isa Bey after his death. The mosque has two dominant domes and five smaller ones above the porch area.[10]

Ishak Bey Mosque

Also known as the Decorated (Aladža) Mosque because of the floral decorations, inscriptions and coloured tiles found on its walls, the Ishak Bey Mosque was constructed in 1438 in the northern part of the Old Bazaar. The mosque's minaret rises 30 meters (98.4 feet). There is a türbe located behind the mosque.[15]

Kale Fortress

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Main article: Skopje Fortress

Located on the highest hill in Skopje, overlooking the city and the river, the area upon which the fortress was built was first inhabited in prehistoric times, according to archaeological findings.[16]

Most researchers believe that the fortress was first constructed in the 11th century.[16]

Kapan Han

Kapan Han

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Main article: Kapan Han

One of the three remaining caravanserais in the Old Bazaar, the Kapan Han was built in the 15th century. The rooms in the upper floor were available to guests, while the ground floor was used as a stable to house the guests' horses and cattle.[17]

Kurşumli Han

File:Kuršumli han.JPG
Kurşumli Han

The largest of the three remaining caravanserais, the Kurşumli Han (Turkish for 'Lead Inn') was built by Musein Odza, the son of a scientist at Sultan Selim II’s court, in the 16th century.[18]

The roof of the inn was once covered in lead (hence the name), but was removed during World War I. The Kurşumli Han also has several small pyramidically-shaped domes. The building has a ground floor, which housed the cattle and horses, and a first floor, which housed the guests.[10]

The attached mosque, built in the 17th century, and most of the hamam, built in the 15th century, were destroyed in the 1963 earthquake.

Today, the former han houses the statue collection of the Museum of Macedonia.[19]

Mustafa Paşa Mosque

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Main article: Mustafa Paşa Mosque

The Mustafa Paşa Mosque, built in 1492 by Mustafa Paşa on an older Christian site,[20] stands above the Old Bazaar, near Kale Fortress. Considered one of the most elegant Islamic buildings in Macedonia, the complex includes the mosque, the tomb of Mustapha Paşa, the sarcophagus of one of his daughters, a fountain, and remnants of other buildings.

The mosque is square in shape and its largest dome is 16 metres (52.5 feet) in diameter. The porch is positioned on four marble pillars, decorated with stalactite, and covered by three small domes. The interior is decorated and includes calligraphic inscriptions. The minaret of Mustafa Paşa Mosque, rising 42 metres (137.8  feet)[21] is made of limestone.

Mustafa Paşa is buried in the hexagonal marble türbe covered by a dome above a short eight-sided tambour. Umi, one of his four daughters, is buried in the decorated sarcophagus which includes Persian inscriptions on two of the four walls. The mosque courtyard is filled with roses and, due to its elevated location, offers a distinct view of the Old Bazaar.[10]

Church of the Holy Salvation

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Main article: Church of the Holy Salvation, Skopje
File:Црква светог Спаса у Скопљу.JPG
Entrance to the Church of Holy Salvation in Skopje

Constructed in the 16th century on the foundations of an older church,[22] half of the church was built underground as it was illegal under Ottoman rule for Christian buildings to be taller than Islamic buildings so mosques could dominate the city skyline. The church got its present appearance in the 19th century.

The church's iconstasis was carved in wood and is 10 metres (32.8 feet) long, 4.5 to 7 metres (14.8 to 23 feet) in height.[10]

Revolutionary Goce Delčev is buried in a white stone sarcophagus in the church's courtyard.[23]

Stone Bridge

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Main article: Stone Bridge (Skopje)
File:Puente de Piedra, Skopie, Macedonia, 2014-04-16, DD 91.JPG
Stone Bridge at night

The Stone Bridge, across the Vardar River, connects the Old Bazaar to Macedonia Square in the new part of the city. The bridge, built in the 15th century under Sultan Murad, was built of stone blocks as its name suggests, which has helped it survive the fires and earthquakes Skopje has seen. The Stone Bridge has had the same appearance since it was first built.[10]

The bridge has 12 semicircular arches and is 214 metres (702 feet) long. During Ottoman rule, countless executions were conducted on the Stone Bridge.[24]

Suli Han

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Main article: Suli An

The Suli Han was built under Ishak Bey in the 15th century. It has two floors with the upper having 54 rooms for the guests and the lower for the guests' cattle. It was fully repaired after sustaining heavy damaged during the 1963 earthquake.[25]

The han today houses the Skopje Academy of Art and the Old Bazaar Museum.[10]

Sultan Murad Mosque

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Main article: Sultan Murad Mosque
File:Јахја-паша.jpg
Yahya Paşa Mosque

Sultan Murad built this mosque in 1463, just south of where the clock tower would be built. The mosque has remained mostly undamaged through the fires and earthquakes Skopje has sustained.

The Sultan Murad Mosque is rectangular in shape, with a porch including four columns with decorated caplets, connected by arcades.[10]

Yahya Paşa Mosque

The Yahya Paşa Mosque was built in 1504 for Yahya Paşa.[26] During World War I, the mosque was used as a German weapons and ammunition production facility.

The mosque's minaret is roughly 50 metres (164 feet) tall. There are several tombs and a burial chamber in the Yahya Paşa Mosque's courtyard.[10]

Gallery

  • Türbe at Ishak Bey Mosque

  • Old Bazaar2.jpg

    Street in old bazaar

  • Skopje-Daut Pashin Hamam.jpg

    View over Daut Paşa Hamam

  • Ucitelska-skola-ostatok.jpg

    Old school

  • Skopje Clock Tower.JPG

    Clock tower of the Old Bazaar

  • Street in Skopje 2.jpg

    Street in old bazaar

  • Stone bridge in Skopje.jpg

    Stone Bridge

  • Clocktower of St Dimitri.jpg

    Clock tower of St. Demetrius Church

  • The tomb of Goce Delčev in Skopje.jpg

    Goce Delčev's tomb at St. Spas

  • Isa bey mosque skopje 10.jpg

    Isa Bey Mosque

  • A view from Old Bazaar.jpg

    A view from Old Bazaar

Historical

  • Old town in 1920s

  • Saat-kula-old.jpg

    Postcard with clock tower

  • Skopje old tykish bridge on Vardar river in 1909.jpg

    Stone Bridge in 1909

  • Св. Димитрија Скопје, 1935.jpg

    St. Demetrius Church in 1935

  • Sv. Spas Skopje old.jpg

    St. Spas Church in the 1920s

  • Skopskoto kale.jpg

    Kale Fortress in the 1920s

  • Skopje - Mustapha Pascha Moschee.jpg

    Mustafa Paşa Mosque

See also

References

  1. ↑ Стара скопска чаршија: За чаршијата, staracarsija.mk.
  2. ↑ SETimes
  3. ↑ Old Bazaaar - Skopje, Macedonia National Tourism Portal.
  4. ↑ Скопската чаршија доби заслужена заштита, Večer, 15 October 2008.
  5. ↑ Почнува ревитализацијата на скопската чаршија, Dnevnik, 17 February 2010.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Стара скопска чаршија: Историјат, sataracarsija.mk.
  7. ↑ Dragojević Josifovska, „Inscriptions de la Mésie Supérieure (IMS)“, vol. VI, Scupi et la région de Kumanovo, Beograd, 1982.
  8. ↑ Историски преглед од најстаро време до пропаста на Самоиловото царство, Проект „Стара скопска чаршија“.
  9. ↑ Настанување на чаршијата во XI и XII век, Проект „Стара скопска чаршија“.
  10. ↑ 10.00 10.01 10.02 10.03 10.04 10.05 10.06 10.07 10.08 10.09 10.10 http://www.culture.org.mk/eskopje%20frames.htm
  11. ↑ GoMacedonia
  12. ↑ skopje.mk
  13. ↑ In Your Pocket
  14. ↑ In Your Pocket
  15. ↑ In Your Pocket
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 http://www.skopje.mk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=18&Itemid=21
  17. ↑ In Your Pocket
  18. ↑ skopje.mk
  19. ↑ In Your Pocket
  20. ↑ GoMacedonia
  21. ↑ In Your Pocket
  22. ↑ Soros
  23. ↑ Exploring Macedonia
  24. ↑ GoMacedonia
  25. ↑ skopje.mk
  26. ↑ Macedonia.co.uk

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