Open-geomorphometry project
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. The Open-geomorphometry project is an open source computer code project created for the public availability of geomorphometry code. This code, written by Dr. Bob MacMillan, is known amongst its primary users as LandMapR[1] (LandMapR has since become a copyrighted term in the U.S. for an agricultural remote sensing device). LandMapR, and the new Open-geomorphometry project, operate digital elevation data to produce maps including by not limited to: hydrological flow, catchments, depression or pits, water pooling, wetness index, topographic derivatives, and landform classifications. We will use the terms LandMapR and open-geomorphometry interchangeably throughout this page to accommodate users new and old.
LandMapR performs a number of operations on Digital Elevation Models (DEMs), from calculating hydrological flow directions, water pooling, to performing sophisticated topographical landform classifications (see for example Jensen et al., (1988),[2] or O'Callaghan et al., (1984)[3] and references therein). LandMapR is an all-in-one tool for extracting information from DEMs. The initial version of the software was written by Dr. Bob MacMillan as part of his Ph.D. thesis at the University of Edinburgh in 1993, and was coded in a Microsoft Rapid Application Development language called FoxPro. The FoxPro version exists to today, but is not part of the open source effort due to its restriction as an interpreted language. The open-geomorphometry project makes the much faster C++ version of the software available. This page will attempt to document the project and act as an introduction to as many of the ideas encapsulated in extracting information from DEMs as possible.
The most unusual aspects of LandMapR and the open-geomorphometry project are the algorithms it implements to conduct 'pit' removal. Pits are depressions in the topography. Pits are usually seen as interfering with the flow. Typical pit removal (for example see Jensen et al. (1988)) involves simply removing depressions from DEMs in order to resolve flow paths. LandMapR also conducts these operations on 'spurious' pits, but goes beyond normal pit removal procedures to treat watersheds, which are depressions, as a potential heirachichal path for flows and figures out how one pit might flow into another to produce new flow channels in a field.
The applications for this kind of pit-removal are almost unlimited. Water and cold air pooling in vineyards and farm fields represent a serious issue in generating high yield crops. For example, a farm field has recently been fertilized with granular heavy phosphorus fertilizer. Knowing the distribution density of this fertilizer across the field it is possible to use pit removal to calculated the area to flow calculations as well as the potential residence times that would enable an estimate of how much rain is required to carry that fertilizer off into local streams. The area to flow capability of the pit removal calculations in LandMapR are unique.
The open-source Open-geomorphometry project forms the basis, or the geomorphology part, of some of the work being documented on the Phytogeomorphology page, and is the chosen software tool for much of that work.
...on DEMs
A DEM, or digital elevation model, is, most simply, a map at some resolution of the heights of land in a field or area. The resolution of the DEM is usually stated in meters and is a measure of how much area each elevation estimate in the map covers. In raster form, a DEM may be looked at as a regular grid of cells of various heights. Increasing the resolution of the DEM, or making the cell size smaller, produces a closer estimate of the real surface.
DEMs can be produced in a number of ways (see, for example Moore et al., (1991),[4] and Wilson et al., (2000)[5]) but the highest resolution DEMs result from dense LiDAR data. Bangs et al., (2013)[6] recently performed a comparison of DEM resolutions and their ability to properly represent the surface of a farm field in Simcoe, Ontario using one of the highest density LiDAR data clouds ever attempted (some 240 million points on a field 1 km by 800 meters). The paper concluded that DEM resolution well in excess of 1 meter was required to adequately represent a farm field at 5 meter resolution.
...as a Hydrological Tool
LandMapR as a hydrological tool performs a number of useful operations on DEMs. Within LandMapR are a number of distinct operations. The original code had 19 operators that could be applied sequentially to the datasets. The newer versions in the open source project break the tasks into four areas; flow calculations, pit removal (catchment hydrology), facets (landform derivatives), and form (landform derivatives). Each section has a sequence of output maps. Currently, the flow and pit removal calculations result in 5 major maps: flow direction, upslope contribution/area, watersheds, volume to flood, and millimeters to flood, and several minor maps that show the stages of pit removal.
...as a Landform Classification Tool
In the limited context of a landform being a component of a farm field topography, LandMapR is used to compute surface derivatives and other topological values, as well as using fuzzy logic to divide a farm field into a collection of landform classes.[7] LandMapR is capable of defining a large number of landform classes and allowing the user to define criterion for membership in each of these classes.
Links Open-Geomorphometry Project
References:
- ↑ MacMillan, R.A., VanDeusen, A.A., 2003. The LandMapR User's Guide. Self-Published.
- ↑ Jensen S.K., Domingue, J.O., 1988. Extracting Topographic Structure from Digital Elevation Data for Geographic Information System Analysis. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 54(11), 1593-1600.
- ↑ O'Callaghan, J.F., Mark, D.M., 1984. The Extraction of Drainage Networks from Digital Elevation Data. Computer Vision, Graphics and Image Processing, 28, 323-344
- ↑ Moore, I.D., Grayson, R.B., Ladson, A.R., 1991. Digital Terrain Modelling: A review of hydrological, geomorphological, and biological applications. Hydrological Processes, Vol. 5, 3-30
- ↑ Wilson, J.P., Gallant, J.C., 2000. Terrain Analysis. Wiley ISBN 978-0471321880
- ↑ Bangs, D.E., Aspinall, J.D., Sweeney, S.J., Duncan, M.R., Lepp, S., Schuyler, B., 2013. Implications of three-dimensional agricultural landscape representation resolution on understanding the relationships between soil variability and crop yield: an example from Norfolk County, Ontario.Presented at the EOGC and CIG Annual Conference in Toronto. Paper #73.
- ↑ Robert A. MacMillan, David H. McNabb, R. Keith Jones (September 2000). "Conference paper: "Automated landform classification using DEMs""
