Open-mid back rounded vowel

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Open-mid back rounded vowel
ɔ
IPA Number 306
Encoding
Entity (decimal) ɔ
Unicode (hex) U+0254
X-SAMPA O
Braille ⠣ (braille pattern dots-126)

The open-mid back rounded vowel, or low-mid back rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɔ⟩. The IPA symbol is a turned letter c and both the symbol and the sound are commonly called "open-o". The name open-o represents the sound, in that it is like the sound represented by ⟨o⟩, the close-mid back rounded vowel, except it is more open. It also represents the symbol, which can be remembered as an o which has been "opened" by removing part of the closed circular shape.

The IPA prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowels, and the name of the article follows this. However, a large number of linguists, perhaps a majority, prefer the terms "high" and "low".

Features

IPA vowel chart
Front Near-​front Central Near-​back Back
Close
Blank vowel trapezoid.svg
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[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɨ]][[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ʉ]]
[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɯ]][[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|u]]
[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɪ]][[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ʏ]]
[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɪ̈]][[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ʊ̈]]
[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɯ̽]][[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ʊ]]
[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|e]][[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ø]]
[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɘ]][[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɵ]]
[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɤ]][[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|o]]
[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|e̞]][[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ø̞]]
[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ə]][[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɵ̞]]
[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɤ̞]][[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|o̞]]
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[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɜ]][[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɞ]]
[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ʌ]][[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɔ]]
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[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɐ]][[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɞ̞]]
[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|a]][[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɶ]]
[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ä]][[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɒ̈]]
[[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɑ]][[Lua error in Module:IPA_symbol at line 37: Invalid data type "wikipage".|ɒ]]
Near-close
Close-mid
Mid
Open-mid
Near-open
Open
Paired vowels are: unrounded • rounded
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IPA help • IPA key • chart • Loudspeaker.svg chart with audio • view

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Afrikaans Few speakers in the former Transvaal Province[1] daar [dɔːr] 'there' Much more often open [ɒː]. It is unrounded [ɑː] in standard Afrikaans.[2] See Afrikaans phonology
Albanian po [pɔ] 'yes'
Arabic Tunisian mox [mɔχ] 'brain' Correspond to [] for some words in other varieties.
Armenian Eastern[3] հողմ [hɔʁm] 'storm'
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic Urmian dialect khwara [χwɔːra] 'white' Corresponds to [ɒ] in other varieties.
Bamana wɔɔrɔ [wɔːrɔ] 'six'
Bavarian Amstetten dialect[4] [example needed] May be transcribed in IPA as ⟨ɒ⟩.[4]
Bengali বস [bɔʃ] 'sit' See Bengali phonology
Catalan[5] soc [ˈsɔk] 'clog' See Catalan phonology
Chinese Cantonese /ngo5 [ŋɔː˩˧] 'I' See Cantonese phonology
Mandarin /wǒ [wɔ˨˩˦] 'I' See Mandarin phonology
Min /gōo [ɡɔ˨] 'five'
Wu /bo [bɔ˨˩˦] 'run'
Danish Standard[6][7][8][9] og [ɔʊ̯] 'and' Slightly lowered,[6][7][8][9] also described as [ɒ][10] - the way it is most often transcribed. See Danish phonology
Dutch Standard Belgian[11] och <phonos file="Nl-och.ogg">[ʔɔˤx]</phonos> 'alas' 'Very tense, with strong lip-rounding',[12] strongly pharyngealized[13] (although less so in standard Belgian[14]) and somewhat fronted.[11][15] See Dutch phonology
Standard Netherlandic[15]
Amelands hôl [hɔːl] 'hollow'
Belgian nauw [nɔ̞ː] 'narrow' Some dialects. Corresponds to [ɔu] in standard Belgian Dutch.
Dutch Low Saxon taol [tɔːɫ] 'language' May be lower [ɒː] in some dialects.
English Australian[16] not <phonos file="En-uk-not.ogg">[nɔt]</phonos> 'not' See Australian English phonology
Estuary[17]
New Zealand[18] May be somewhat fronted.[19] Often transcribed in IPA as ⟨ɒ⟩.
Received Pronunciation[20] /ɒ/ has shifted up in emerging RP.
General American[21] thought [θɔːt] 'thought' Mainly in speakers without the cot–caught merger. It may be from lower [ɒ]. See English phonology
Norfolk[22]
Older Received Pronunciation[23] Higher [ɔ̝ː] for most other speakers.
Scottish[24] Many Scottish dialects exhibit the cot-caught merger, the outcome of which is a vowel of [ɔ] quality.
Sheffield[25] goat [ɡɔːt] 'goat'
Newfoundland[26] but [bɔt] 'but' Less commonly unrounded [ʌ].[26] See English phonology
Faroese góðan morgun [ˌɡɔuwan ˈmɔɹɡʊn] 'good morning'
French[27] sort [sɔ̜ːʁ] 'fate' See French phonology
Georgian[28] სწრი [st͡sʼɔɾi] 'correct'
German Northern Bernese grad [ˈɡ̊rɔd̥] 'just now' May be lower [ɒ]. See Bernese German phonology
Standard[29] voll <phonos file="De-at-voll.ogg">[fɔl]</phonos> 'full' See German phonology
Icelandic[30][31][32] loft [ˈlɔft] 'air' Often diphthongized to [oɔ] when long.[33] See Icelandic phonology
Indonesian kodok [kɔdɔʔ] 'frog'
Italian[34] parola <phonos file="It-parola.ogg">[päˈrɔ̟ːlä]</phonos> 'word' Fronted. See Italian phonology
Kaingang[35] [ˈpɔ] 'stone'
Lao [bɔː] 'origin'
Limburgish[36][37][38] mòn [mɔːn] 'moon' Corresponds to lower [ɒ̝ː] in the Maastrichtian dialect.[39] The example word is from the Hasselt dialect.[40]
Lingala mbɔ́ngɔ [ᵐbɔ́ᵑɡɔ] 'money'
Luxembourgish[41] Sonn [zɔn] 'son' Possible realization of /o/.[41] See Luxembourgish phonology
Macedonian коњ [kɔɲ] 'horse' See Macedonian phonology
Norwegian Some dialects[42] så [sɔː] 'so' Present e.g. in Telemark; realized as mid [ɔ̝ː] in other dialects.[42] See Norwegian phonology
Occitan òme [ˈɔme] 'man'
Polish[43] kot <phonos file="Pl-kot.ogg">[kɔt̪]</phonos> 'cat' See Polish phonology
Portuguese Most dialects[44][45] fofoca [fɔˈfɔ̞kə] 'gossip' Stressed vowel might be lower. The presence and use of other unstressed ⟨o⟩ allophones, such as [ o ʊ u], varies according to dialect.
Some speakers[46] bronca [ˈbɾɔ̃kə] 'scolding' Stressed vowel, allophone of nasal vowel /õ̞/. See Portuguese phonology
Slovak Standard[47] ohúriť [ˈɔɦʊːrɪc̟] 'to stun' Backness varies between back and near-back; most commonly realized as mid [] instead.[47] See Slovak phonology
Spanish Eastern Andalusian tos [tɔː] 'cough' Allophone of /o/ before word-final underlying /s/, /θ/, and /x/. See Spanish phonology.
Murcian
Swedish moll [mɔl] minor See Swedish phonology
Tajik тоҷикӣ [tɔːdʒɪˈkiː] 'Tajik language'
Ukrainian вовк [ˈvɔwk] 'wolf' See Ukrainian phonology
Vietnamese to [tɔ] 'large' See Vietnamese phonology
West Frisian bôle [ˈbɔːɫə] 'bread'
Yoruba[48] [example needed] Nasalized; may be near-open [ɔ̞̃] instead.[48]

See also

References

  1. Donaldson (1993), p. 6.
  2. Donaldson (1993), pp. 6–7.
  3. Dum-Tragut (2009:13)
  4. 4.0 4.1 Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
  5. Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:54)
  6. 6.0 6.1 Grønnum (1998:100)
  7. 7.0 7.1 Grønnum (2005:268)
  8. 8.0 8.1 Grønnum (2003)
  9. 9.0 9.1 Basbøll (2005:47)
  10. Allan, Holmes & Lundskær-Nielsen (2000:17)
  11. 11.0 11.1 Verhoeven (2005:245)
  12. Collins & Mees (2003:132)
  13. Collins & Mees (2003:132, 222 and 224)
  14. Collins & Mees (2003:222)
  15. 15.0 15.1 Gussenhoven (1992:47)
  16. Harrington, Cox & Evans (1997)
  17. Wells (1982a:305)
  18. Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009a)
  19. Bauer et al. (2007:98)
  20. Wikström (2013:45), "It seems to be the case that younger RP or near-RP speakers typically use a closer quality, possibly approaching Cardinal 6 considering that the quality appears to be roughly intermediate between that used by older speakers for the LOT vowel and that used for the THOUGHT vowel, while older speakers use a more open quality, between Cardinal Vowels 13 and 6."
  21. Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009b)
  22. Lodge (2009:168)
  23. Wells (1982a:293)
  24. Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006:7)
  25. Stoddart, Upton and Widowson in Urban Voices, Arnold, London, 1999, page 74
  26. 26.0 26.1 Wells (1982b:498)
  27. Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
  28. Shosted & Chikovani (2006:261–262)
  29. Mangold (2005:37)
  30. Árnason (2011:60)
  31. Einarsson (1945:10), cited in Gussmann (2011:73)
  32. Haugen (1958:65)
  33. Árnason (2011:57–60)
  34. Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:119)
  35. Jolkesky (2009:676–677 and 682)
  36. Verhoeven (2007:221)
  37. Peters (2006:118–119)
  38. Heijmans & Gussenhoven (1998:110)
  39. Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999:158–159)
  40. Peters (2006:118–119)
  41. 41.0 41.1 Gilles & Trouvain (2013:70)
  42. 42.0 42.1 Popperwell (2010:26)
  43. Jassem (2003:105)
  44. Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
  45. Variação inter- e intra-dialetal no português brasileiro: um problema para a teoria fonológica – Seung-Hwa LEE & Marco A. de Oliveira
  46. Lista das marcas dialetais e ouros fenómenos de variação (fonética e fonológica) identificados nas amostras do Arquivo Dialetal do CLUP (Portuguese)
  47. 47.0 47.1 Pavlík (2004:94–95)
  48. 48.0 48.1 Bamgboṣe (1969:166)

Bibliography

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