Phosphoinositide 3-kinase

Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase
PIK-93 inhibitor (yellow) bound to the PI3 Kinase 110 gamma subunit .
Identifiers
Symbol	PIK3
Pfam	PF00454
InterPro	IPR000403
SMART	SM00146
PROSITE	PDOC00710
SCOP	3gmm
SUPERFAMILY	3gmm
OPM superfamily	302
OPM protein	3ml9
Available protein structures: Pfam structures PDB RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj PDBsum structure summary

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase
Identifiers
EC number	2.7.1.137
CAS number	Template:CAS
Databases
IntEnz	IntEnz view
BRENDA	BRENDA entry
ExPASy	NiceZyme view
KEGG	KEGG entry
MetaCyc	metabolic pathway
PRIAM	profile
PDB structures	RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum
Search PMC articles PubMed articles NCBI proteins

Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (also called phosphatidylinositide 3-kinases, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinases, PI 3-kinases, PI(3)Ks, PI-3Ks or by the HUGO official stem symbol for the gene family, PI3K(s)) are a family of enzymes involved in cellular functions such as cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, motility, survival and intracellular trafficking, which in turn are involved in cancer.

PI3Ks are a family of related intracellular signal transducer enzymes capable of phosphorylating the 3 position hydroxyl group of the inositol ring of phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns). The pathway, with oncogene PIK3CA and tumor suppressor PTEN, is implicated in insensitivity of cancer tumors to insulin and IGF1, and in calorie restriction.

Discovery

The discovery of PI 3-kinases by Lewis Cantley and colleagues began with their identification of a previously unknown phosphoinositide kinase associated with the polyoma middle T protein. They observed unique substrate specificity and chromatographic properties of the products of the lipid kinase, leading to the discovery that this phosphoinositide kinase had the unprecedented ability to phosphorylate phosphoinositides on the 3' position of the inositol ring. Subsequently, Cantley and colleagues demonstrated that in vivo the enzyme prefers PtdIns(4,5)P2 as a substrate, producing the novel phosphoinositide PtdIns(3,4,5)P3.

Classes

The phosphoinositol-3-kinase family is divided into four different classes: Class I, Class II, Class III, and Class IV. The classifications are based on primary structure, regulation, and in vitro lipid substrate specificity.

Class I

Class I PI3Ks are responsible for the production of phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI(3)P), phosphatidylinositol (3,4)-bisphosphate (PI(3,4)P₂), and phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PI(3,4,5)P₃). The PI3K is activated by G protein-coupled receptors and tyrosine kinase receptors.

Class I PI3K are heterodimeric molecules composed of a regulatory and a catalytic subunit; they are further divided between IA and IB subsets on sequence similarity. Class IA PI3K is composed of a heterodimer between a p110 catalytic subunit and a p85 regulatory subunit. There are five variants of the p85 regulatory subunit, designated p85α, p55α, p50α, p85β, and p55γ. There are also three variants of the p110 catalytic subunit designated p110α, β, or δ catalytic subunit. The first three regulatory subunits are all splice variants of the same gene (Pik3r1), the other two being expressed by other genes (Pik3r2 and Pik3r3, p85β, and p55γ, respectively). The most highly expressed regulatory subunit is p85α; all three catalytic subunits are expressed by separate genes (Pik3ca, Pik3cb, and Pik3cd for p110α, p110β, and p110δ, respectively). The first two p110 isoforms (α and β) are expressed in all cells, but p110δ is expressed primarily in leukocytes, and it has been suggested that it evolved in parallel with the adaptive immune system. The regulatory p101 and catalytic p110γ subunits comprise the class IB PI3Ks and are encoded by a single gene each.

The p85 subunits contain SH2 and SH3 domains (Online 'Mendelian Inheritance in Man' (OMIM) 171833). The SH2 domains bind preferentially to phosphorylated tyrosine residues in the amino acid sequence context Y-X-X-M.

Classes II and III

Overview of signal transduction pathways involved in apoptosis.

Class II and III PI3K are differentiated from the Class I by their structure and function. The distinct feature of Class II PI3Ks is the C-terminal C2 domain. This domain lacks critical Asp residues to coordinate binding of Ca²⁺, which suggests class II PI3Ks bind lipids in a Ca²⁺-independent manner.

Class II comprises three catalytic isoforms (C2α, C2β, and C2γ), but, unlike Classes I and III, no regulatory proteins. Class II catalyse the production of PI(3)P from PI and PI(3,4)P₂ from PIP; however, little is known about their role in immune cells. C2α and C2β are expressed through the body, but expression of C2γ is limited to hepatocytes.

Class III produces only PI(3)P from PI but are more similar to Class I in structure, as they exist as heterodimers of a catalytic (Vps34) and a regulatory (Vps15/p150) subunits. Class III seems to be primarily involved in the trafficking of proteins and vesicles. There is, however, evidence to show that they are able to contribute to the effectiveness of several process important to immune cells, not least phagocytosis.

Class IV

A group of more distantly related enzymes are sometimes referred to as class IV PI 3-kinases. It is composed of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related (ATR), DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). They are protein serine/threonine kinases.

Human genes

group	gene	protein	aliases	EC number
class 1 catalytic	PIK3CA	PI3K, catalytic, alpha polypeptide	p110-α	2.7.1.153
	PIK3CB	PI3K, catalytic, beta polypeptide	p110-β
	PIK3CG	PI3K, catalytic, gamma polypeptide	p110-γ
	PIK3CD	PI3K, catalytic, delta polypeptide	p110-δ
class 1 regulatory	PIK3R1	PI3K, regulatory subunit 1 (alpha)	p85-α	N/A
	PIK3R2	PI3K, regulatory subunit 2 (beta)	p85-β
	PIK3R3	PI3K, regulatory subunit 3 (gamma)	p55-γ
	PIK3R4	PI3K, regulatory subunit 4	p150
	PIK3R5	PI3K, regulatory subunit 5	p101
	PIK3R6	PI3K, regulatory subunit 6	p87
class 2	PIK3C2A	PI3K, class 2, alpha polypeptide	PI3K-C2α	2.7.1.154
	PIK3C2B	PI3K, class 2, beta polypeptide	PI3K-C2β
	PIK3C2G	PI3K, class 2, gamma polypeptide	PI3K-C2γ
class 3	PIK3C3	PI3K, class 3	Vps34	2.7.1.137

Mechanism

The various 3-phosphorylated phosphoinositides that are produced by PI 3-kinases (PtdIns3P, PtdIns(3,4)P2, PtdIns(3,5)P2, and PtdIns(3,4,5)P3) function in a mechanism by which an assorted group of signalling proteins, containing PX domain, pleckstrin homology domains (PH domains), FYVE domains and other phosphoinositide-binding domains, are recruited to various cellular membranes.

Function

PI 3-kinases have been linked to an extraordinarily diverse group of cellular functions, including cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, motility, survival and intracellular trafficking. Many of these functions relate to the ability of class I PI 3-kinases to activate protein kinase B (PKB, aka Akt) as in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. The p110δ and p110γ isoforms regulate different aspects of immune responses. PI 3-kinases are also a key component of the insulin signaling pathway. Hence there is great interest in the role of PI 3-kinase signaling in diabetes mellitus.

Mechanism

The pleckstrin homology domain of AKT binds directly to PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 and PtdIns(3,4)P2, which are produced by activated PI 3-kinase. Since PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 and PtdIns(3,4)P2 are restricted to the plasma membrane, these results in translocation of AKT to the plasma membrane. Likewise, the phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 (PDK1 or, rarely referred to as PDPK1) also contains a pleckstrin homology domain that binds directly to PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 and PtdIns(3,4)P2, causing it to also translocate to the plasma membrane upon activation of PI 3-kinase. The interaction of activated PDK1 and AKT allows AKT to become phosphorylated by PDK1 on threonine 308, leading to partial activation of AKT. Full activation of AKT occurs upon phosphorylation of serine 473 by the TORC2 complex of the mTOR protein kinase.

The "PI3-k/AKT" signaling pathway has been shown to be required for an extremely diverse array of cellular activities - most notably cellular proliferation and survival. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway is stimulated in protection of astrocytes from ceramide-induced apoptosis.

Many other proteins have been identified that are regulated by PtdIns(3,4,5)P3, including Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK), General Receptor for Phosphoinositides-1 (GRP1), and the O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase.

Cancers

The class IA PI 3-kinase p110α is mutated in many cancers. Many of these mutations cause the kinase to be more active. It is the single most mutated kinase in glioblastoma, the most malignant primary brain tumor. The PtdIns(3,4,5)P₃ phosphatase PTEN that antagonises PI 3-kinase signaling is absent from many tumours. In addition, the epidermal growth factor receptor EGFR that functions upstream of PIK3 kinase is mutationally activated or overexpressed in cancer. Hence, PI 3-kinase activity contributes significantly to cellular transformation and the development of cancer.

Learning and memory

PI3K has also been implicated in long-term potentiation (LTP). Whether it is required for the expression or the induction of LTP is still debated. In mouse hippocampal CA1 neurons, PI3K is complexed with AMPA receptors and compartmentalized at the postsynaptic density of glutamatergic synapses. PI3K is phosphorylated upon NMDA receptor-dependent CaMKII activity, and it then facilitates the insertion of AMPA-R GluR1 subunits into the plasma membrane. This suggests that PI3K is required for the expression of LTP. Furthermore, PI3K inhibitors abolished the expression of LTP in rat hippocampal CA1, but do not affect its induction. Notably, the dependence of late-phase LTP expression on PI3K seems to decrease over time.

However, another study found that PI3K inhibitors suppressed the induction, but not the expression, of LTP in mouse hippocampal CA1. The PI3K pathway also recruits many other proteins downstream, including mTOR, GSK3β, and PSD-95. The PI3K-mTOR pathway leads to the phosphorylation of p70S6K, a kinase that facilitates translational activity, further suggesting that PI3K is required for the protein-synthesis phase of LTP induction instead.

PI3Ks interact with the insulin receptor substrate (IRS) to regulate glucose uptake through a series of phosphorylation events.

PI 3-kinases as protein kinases

Many of the PI 3-kinases appear to have a serine/threonine kinase activity in vitro; however, it is unclear whether this has any role in vivo.

Inhibition

All PI 3-kinases are inhibited by the drugs wortmannin and LY294002, although certain members of the class II PI 3-kinase family show decreased sensitivity.

PI 3-kinases inhibitors as therapeutics

Main article: PI3K inhibitor

As wortmannin and LY294002 are broad inhibitors against PI 3-kinases and a number of unrelated proteins at higher concentrations they are too toxic to be used as therapeutics. A number of pharmaceutical companies have recently been working on PI 3-kinase isoform specific inhibitors including the class I PI 3-kinase, p110δ isoform specific inhibitors, IC486068 and IC87114, ICOS Corporation.. GDC-0941 is a highly selective inhibitor of p110α with little activity against mTOR.

See also

• PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway

Further reading

• [1]

External links

• Eukaryotic Linear Motif resource motif class MOD_PIKK_1
• Proteopedia Phosphoinositide_3-Kinases to explore the structure in interactive 3D
• PI-3 Kinase at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
• PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway