Perfluorinated compound

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Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. A perfluorinated compound (PFC) is an organofluorine compound containing only carbon-fluorine bonds (no C-H bonds) and C-C bonds but also other heteroatoms. PFCs have properties that represent a blend of fluorocarbons (containing only C-F and C-C bonds) and the parent functionalized organic species. For example, perfluorooctanoic acid functions as a carboxylic acid but with strongly altered surfactant and hydrophobic characteristics.[1]

Applications

Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Many perfluorinated compounds are useful. For example, fluorosurfactants powerfully reduce surface tension by concentrating at the liquid-air interface due to the lipophobicity of fluorocarbons, due to the polar functional group added to the fluorocarbon chain. Elements commonly incorporated into fluorocarbon based compounds include oxygen, such as in the carboxyl group present in some flourosurfactants, and chlorine, in chlorofluorocarbons, which were formerly used as refrigerants, and are presently implicated in ozone degradation). Fluorosurfactants are widely used in the production of teflon and related fluorinated polymers. They have also been used to confer hydrophobic, stain-resisting properties to fabrics and fire-fighting foam.

Classes of PFCs by functional group

Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Representative members of this large family of compounds are listed below. Also numerous are compounds that contain many fluoride centers but also some hydrogen, e.g., trifluoroethanol.

Perfluorinated alkyl and aryl halides

Fluorochloroalkenes

Perfluoroethers and epoxides

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Perfluoroalcohols

  • Pentafluorophenol, a moderately strong acid

Perfluorinated alcohols are unstable with respect to dehydrofluorination.

Perfluoroamines

Perfluoroketones

Perfluorocarboxylic acids

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Perfluoronitriles and isonitriles

  • Trifluoromethylisocyanide, the simplest perfluorinated isonitrile.
  • Trifluoromethylacetonitrile, the simplest perfluorinated nitrile

Perfluorosulfonic acids and related derivatives

Perfluorinated aryl borates


Environmental and health concerns

Despite the presence of some natural fluorocarbons such as tetrafluoromethane, which has been reported in rocks,[2] man-made fluorocarbons are potent greenhouse gases. The fluorocarbons PFOA (perfluorooctanoic acid) and PFOS (perfluorooctane sulfonate) have both been investigated by the EU and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) which regards them being harmful to the environment.[3]

Fluorocarbons tend to bioaccumulate, since they are extremely stable and can be stored in the bodies of both humans and animals. Examples include PFOA and PFOS, frequently present in water resistant textiles and sprays conferring water resistant properties to textiles and fire-fighting foam.[3] Data from animal studies of PFOA indicate that it can cause several types of tumors and neonatal death and may have toxic effects on the immune, liver, and endocrine systems. As of 2010 data on the human health effects of PFOA were sparse.[4]

Testing programs

USA

Since 2015, the Air Force has been testing 82 former and active military installations nationwide for PFCs, contained in fire fighting foam.[5] In 2015, PFCs were found in groundwater at Naval Air Station Brunswick, Maine and Grissom Air Reserve Base, Indiana, and in well water at Pease Air Force Base#Environmental issues, New Hampshire, where 500 people including children had blood tests as part of a biomonitoring plan through the state Department of Health and Human Services.


See also

References

  1. Günter Siegemund, Werner Schwertfeger, Andrew Feiring, Bruce Smart, Fred Behr, Herward Vogel, Blaine McKusick "Fluorine Compounds, Organic" Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2002. doi:10.1002/14356007.a11_349
  2. Murphy CD, Schaffrath C, O'Hagan D.: "Fluorinated natural products: the biosynthesis of fluoroacetate and 4-fluorothreonine in Streptomyces cattleya" Chemosphere. 2003 Jul;52(2):455-61.
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