Philip I, Duke of Pomerania

Philip I
Philip I of Pomerania-Wolgast, by Lucas Cranach the Younger
Duke of Pomerania-Wolgast
Reign	21 October 1532 – 14 February 1560
Predecessor	George I
Successor	Ernest Louis
Born	(1515-07-14)14 July 1515 Stettin
Died	Wolgast
Spouse	Maria of Saxony
Issue among others...	John Frederick, Duke of Pomerania Bogislaw XIII, Duke of Pomerania Ernst Ludwig, Duke of Pomerania Barnim X, Duke of Pomerania Margaret, Duchess of Saxe-Lauenburg Anna, Duchess of Mecklenburg-Güstrow Casimir VI, Duke of Pomerania
House	Griffins
Father	George I, Duke of Pomerania
Mother	Amalie of the Palatinate
Religion	Lutheran

Philip I of Pomerania (14 July 1515 in Stettin – 14 February 1560 in Wolgast) was Duke of Pomerania-Wolgast.

Life

Philip was the only surviving son of Duke George, from his first marriage to Amalie of the Palatinate. After his mother died, on 6 January 1525, he received his education at the court of his maternal grandfather in Heidelberg. He took office in Stettin at the age of 16, after the death of his father. On 21 October 1532, Philip and his uncle Barnim IX split Pomerania, with Philip taking Pomerania-Wolgast (Vorpommern). The division was initially limited to only nine years. It was, however, reconfirmed in 1541.

His main advisors were Jobst von Dewitz, Rüdiger von Massow and his Chancellor, Nikolaus Brun. His secretary was the chronicler Thomas Kantzow.

When he came to power, his first task was to sort out the relationship with his unloved step-mother, Margaret of Brandenburg. Under the marriage treaty of 1530, she had was entitled to a specified part of his country as her Wittum. However, in the 1532 treaty with Barnim, part of her Wittum was awarded to his uncle, and was thus no longer his to give to his step-mother. In 1533, he gave her the districts of Barth, Tribsees, Grimmen and Breest. But a year later she married her second husband Prince John V of Anhalt.

When Philip took up government, he found his country in political and ecclesiastical turmoil. The Reformation had reached Pomerania and he could not ignore it, if he wanted to maintain his grip on the land. Consequently, the two Dukes decided to officially introduce Protestantism in their realm. They called a parliament in Treptow an der Rega in 1543 and invited Erasmus von Manteuffel-Arnhausen, the bishop of Cammin and representatives of the estates, the nobility and the cities. The Protestant cities were represented by Christian Ketelhut (representing Stralsund), Paul vom Rode (Stettin), Johannes Knipstro (Greifswald), Hermann Riecke (Stargard), Jakob Hogensee (Stolp). Also invited was Johannes Bugenhagen, a native of Pomerania and a supporter of Martin Luther. The parliament failed due to opposition by the nobility, but nevertheless, Bugenhagen was tasked with drafting a church order for the duchy. However, when this church order was ready, it was not officially entered into force. Bugenhagen continued to visit local churches, following the Saxon model. The Reformation gradually prevailed in Pomerania through the tireless activity of prominent evangelical leaders such as Paul Rode and John Knipstro. After the death of the bishop of Cammin, the road was completely open for the Reformation. The office of bishop of Cammin was offered to Bugenhagen, and when he turned down the offer, it was given to Bartholomaeus Suawe.

On 27 February 1536 Philip married Maria of Saxony, the half-sister of Elector John Frederick I of Saxony. In April 1536 in Frankfurt am Main, he and Barnim then joined the Schmalkaldic League. In 1547, after the Protestants had been defeated in the Schmalkaldic War, Philip feared persecution by the enraged Emperor Charles V. He managed to soothe Charles by paying a fine. The changing circumstances made work increasingly hard for bishop Suawe and in 1549, he resigned. He was succeeded by a Catholic bishop, who tried to restore the old situation and make the Church of Pomerania part of the Roman Catholic Church again. The attempt failed, and to ensure independence of his church, Philip appointed his eldest son John Frederick as bishop of Cammin. He also revived Bugenhagen's church order and mediated in the theological disputes that raged in his duchy.

Philip created his own High Court in Wolgast and tried his hand at delivering justice. He personally took part in court proceedings. He also promoted trade and transport in his country. In 1540, he managed to settle a dispute with the nobility that had festered since 1534, so he could finally receive general homage from the Estates. In his later years, his main advisors were Jacob von Zitzewitz, Valentin von Eickstedt and Ulrich von Schwerin; they kept advising Philip's sons after he died. His Councillor Michael Küssow enjoyed his special confidence, however Michael died in early 1558 and was succeeded by his brother Christian Küssow.

From 1540 to 1546 he expanded the ducal Castle Ueckermünde on the mouth of the river Uecker. He is depicted on a relief stone in the castle. The ducal residence Wolgast Castle, on an island in the river Peene, was rebuilt in several stages. On 11 December 1557 a large fire destroyed significant parts of the castle. Philip started the reconstruction, but did not live to see it completed.

Marriage and issue

On 27 February 1536, Philip married Maria of Saxony, the daughter of Elector John the Steadfast of Saxony. They had seven sons and three daughters:

• George (1540–1544)
• John Frederick (1542–1600); married Erdmuthe, daughter of John George, Elector of Brandenburg.
• Bogislaw XIII (1544–1606); married Clara, daughter of Francis, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg.
• Ernest Louis (1545–1592); married Sophia Hedwig (1561–1631), daughter of Julius, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel.
• Amelia (1547–1580)
• Barnim X (1549–1603); married Anna Maria, daughter of John George, Elector of Brandenburg.
• Eric (1551–1551)
• Margaret (1553–1581); married Francis II, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg.
• Anna (1554–1626); married Ulrich of Mecklenburg-Güstrow
• Casimir VI (1557–1605)

Ancestors

Family of Philip I, Duke of Pomerania

16. Wartislaw IX, Duke of Pomerania               8. Eric II, Duke of Pomerania                       17. Sophie of Saxe-Lauenburg-Ratzeburg               4. Bogislaw X, Duke of Pomerania                             18. Bogislaw IX, Duke of Pomerania               9. Sophia of Pomerania-Stolp                       19. Maria of Mazovia               2. George I, Duke of Pomerania                                   20. Władysław II Jagiełło               10. Casimir IV Jagiello                       21. Sophia of Halshany               5. Anna Jagiellonica                             22. Albert II, Holy Roman Emperor               11. Elisabeth of Austria                       23. Elisabeth of Luxembourg               1.Philip I, Duke of Pomerania                                         24. Louis III, Elector Palatine               12. Louis IV, Elector Palatine                       25. Matilda of Savoy               6. Philip, Elector Palatine                             26. Amadeus VIII of Savoy               13. Margaret of Savoy                       27. Mary of Burgundy               3. Amalie of the Palatinate                                   28. Henry XVI, Duke of Bavaria               14. Louis IX, Duke of Bavaria                       29. Margaret of Austria               7. Margaret of Bavaria, Electress Palatine                             30. Frederick II, Elector of Saxony               15. Amalia of Saxony                       31. Margaret of Austria

External links

• Biography at www.ruegenwalde.com

Philip I, Duke of Pomerania House of Griffins Born: 14 July 1515 Died: 14 February 1560
Regnal titles
Preceded by George I and Barnim XI	Dukes of Pomerania 10 May 1531 – 21 October 1532 with his uncle Barnim XI (1523–1532)	Succeeded by Barnim XI as Duke of Pomerania-Stettin
		Succeeded by himself as Duke of Pomerania-Wolgast
Preceded by himself and Barnim XI as Dukes of Pomerania unpartitioned	Duke of Pomerania-Wolgast 21 October 1532 – 14 February 1560	Succeeded by Barnim X Bogislaw XIII Ernest Louis John Frederick