Antheraea polyphemus

Polyphemus moth
File:Polyphemus Moth Antheraea polyphemus.JPG
Antheraea polyphemus, adult male
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Lepidoptera
Family:	Saturniidae
Genus:	Antheraea
Species:	A. polyphemus
Binomial name
Antheraea polyphemus (Cramer, 1776)
Synonyms
Phalaena polyphemus Cramer, [1775] Telea polyphemus

The polyphemus moth (Antheraea polyphemus) is a North American member of the family Saturniidae, the giant silk moths. It is a tan-colored moth, with an average wingspan of 15 cm (6 in). The most notable feature of the moth is its large, purplish eyespots on its two hind wings. The eye spots give it its name – from the Greek myth of the Cyclops Polyphemus. The species is widespread in continental North America, with local populations found throughout subarctic Canada and the United States. The caterpillar can eat 86,000 times its weight at emergence in a little less than two months.

Lifecycle

The lifecycle of the moth is much like that of any other Saturniidae species. It lays flat, light-brown eggs on the leaves of a number of host plants, including:

• Betula, (birch)
• Salix, (willow)
• Quercus, (oak)
• Acer, (maple)
• Carya, (hickory)
• Fagus, (beech)
• Gleditsia triacanthos, (honey locust)
• Juglans, (walnut)
• Pyrus, (pear and quince)
• Prunus, (plum, peach, apricot, cherry, etc.)
• Sassafras
• Citrus, (orange, grapefruits, lemons, limes, etc.)
• Ulmus americana, (American elm)

Antheraea polyphemus caterpillar, early November, in Virginia, USA

When the eggs hatch, small yellow caterpillars emerge. As the caterpillars age, they molt five times (the fifth being into a pupa). Each instar is slightly different, but on their fifth and final instar, they become a bright green color with silver spots on their sides. They feed heavily on their host plant and can grow up to 3–4 in long. They then spin cocoons of brown silk, usually wrapped in leaves of the host plant.

Two broods generally hatch each year throughout the United States, one in early spring and one in late summer. The moths eclose and then must pump their wings with fluid (hemolymph) to extend them. The females emit pheromones, which the male can detect through his large, plumose antennae. Males can fly for miles to reach a female. After the moths mate, the female spends the majority of the remainder of her life laying eggs, while the male may mate several more times. Adults of this family of moths have vestigial mouths, meaning their mouth parts have been reduced. Because of this, they do not eat and only live as adults for less than one week. In captivity, this moth is much more difficult to breed than other American saturnids such as the cecropia, promethean, or luna. Kept in a cage, the male and female tend to ignore each other, unless a food plant (particularly oak leaves) is present.

Sexual dimorphism

Differentiating between sexes of this species is very easy. The most obvious difference is the plumose antennae. Males have very bushy antennae while females have moderately less bushy antennae. The male's antennae are used to detect pheromones released by unmated females. Another difference is that the females are slightly larger in the abdomen due to carrying eggs. A surprising amount of variation occurs within this species. Color patterns can range from a reddish-cinnamon to a dark brown, but are almost always a shade of brown. In the late 1950s, amateur lepidopterist Gary Botting hybridized the polyphemus moth (then known as Telea polyphemus) with Antheraea yamamai from Japan and, later, Antheraea mylitta from India by transferring the pheromone-producing scent sacs from female "T. polyphemus" to the Antheraea females and allowing T. polyphemus males to mate with them. The resultant hybrids were displayed in his winning U.S. National Science Fair exhibit "Intergeneric hybridization among giant silk moths." After Botting consulted with genetic statistician J.B.S. Haldane and his wife, entomologist Helen Spurway, the polyphemus moth was reclassified, becoming Antheraea polyphemus.

Gallery

• Antheraea polyphemus eggs sjh.JPG

  Polyphemus eggs

• Antheraea polyphemus 1st instar sjh.JPG

  First-instar caterpillar reared on post oak

• Antheraea polyphemus 1st instar 2 sjh.JPG

  First-instarcaterpillar

• Polyphemus caterpillar big.jpg

  Polyphemus caterpillar

• Portrait of a green caterpillar (Antheraea polyphemus).jpg

  Polyphemus caterpillar

• Antheraea polyphemus female sjh.JPG

  Polyphemus moth adult female

• Antheraea polyphemus male sjh.JPG

  Polyphemus moth adult male

• Antheraea polyphemus variation sjh.JPG

  Polyphemus moth adult variation

• Antheraeapolyphemusfemale.jpg

  Polyphemus moth adult female

• Antheraeapolyphemusmating.jpg

  Polyphemus moth adults mating

• PolyphemusFlashingJune6th2009.png

  Polyphemus flashing distraction display

• Polyphemus Moth.jpg

  Polyphemus moth

• Polyphemus Moth Top View.jpg

  Polyphemus moth with quarter for size reference

• Polyphemus Moth Mug Shot.jpg

  Polyphemus moth glamor shot

Threats

Pests of the moths have become a huge problem. Parasitic insects such as some species of wasps and flies lay their eggs in or on the young caterpillars. The eggs then hatch into larvae which consume the insides of the caterpillars. Once the caterpillars pupate, the larvae themselves pupate, killing the polyphemus pupa. Squirrels have also been known to consume the pupae of polyphemus moths, decreasing the population greatly. Pruning of trees and leaving outdoor lights on at night can also be detrimental to the moths.

Response to threats

The polyphemus moth uses defence mechanisms to protect itself from predators. One of its most distinctive mechanisms is a distraction pattern that serves to confuse, or simply distract, predators. This involves the large eyespots on its hind wings, which give the moth its name (from the Cyclops Polyphemus in Greek mythology). Eyespots are also startle patterns, a subform of distraction patterns, used for camouflage via deceptive and blending coloration. Most startle patterns are brightly colored areas on the outer body of already camouflaged animals. (Another example of the use of startle patterns is the gray tree frog, with its bright-yellow leggings. When it leaps, a flash of bright yellow appears on its hind legs, usually startling the predator away from its prey.) Distraction patterns are believed to be a form of mimicry, meant to misdirect predators by markings on the moths' wings. The pattern on the hind wings of the polyphemus moth resembles that on the head of the great horned owl (Bubo virginianus).

In literature

In An American Childhood, Annie Dillard uses the constraint and subsequent crippling of a newly emerging polyphemus moth as a metaphor for thwarted human potential.

In Gary Botting's novel Campbell's Kids, the protagonist Emily describes how her mentor, the Blackfoot-Cree shaman Tuanahaki, shape-shifts into a polyphemus moth.

In film

In Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring, a polyphemus moth is the messenger between Gandalf and Gwaihir.

In music

In "John's Cocoons", singer/songwriter Michael McNevin describes the lifecycle of the polyphemus moth

External links

• Polyphemus Moth adult and caterpillar photographs
• Picture journal of polyphemus developments
• How to rear Saturniid moths
• The Polyphemus Moth
• Polyphemus moth on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures website.

References

• http://www.cdfd.org.in/wildsilkbase/info_moths.php