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Fashion design is the
art of the application of
design and
aesthetics or natural beauty to
clothing and
accessories. The term
fashion refers to a distinctive and often habitual trend in the style with which a person dresses, as well as to prevailing styles in behaviour. Fashion design is influenced by cultural and social latitudes, and has varied over time and place. Fashion designers work in a number of ways in designing clothing and accessories. Some work alone or as part of a team. They attempt to satisfy consumer desire for aesthetically designed clothing; and, because of the time required to bring a garment onto the market, must at times
anticipate changing consumer tastes.
Fashion design is generally considered to have started in the 19th century with Charles Frederick Worth who was the first designer to have his label sewn into the garments that he created. Before the former draper set up his maison couture (fashion house) in Paris, clothing design and creation was handled by largely anonymous seamstresses, and high fashion descended from that worn at royal courts. Worth's success was such that he was able to dictate to his customers what they should wear, instead of following their lead as earlier dressmakers had done. The term couturier was in fact first created in order to describe him. While all articles of clothing from any time period are studied by academics as costume design, only clothing created after 1858 could be considered as fashion design.
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The
history of the bikini is a checkered one. Though the
bikini shocked when it appeared on French beaches in 1947, its origins date back millennia. Depictions of bikini-like garments appear at the
Chalcolithic site of
Çatalhöyük, and two-piece bikini-like garments were worn by women for athletic purposes in
Ancient Greece as far back as 1400 BC.
Roman mosaic artwork in
Sicily, dubbed "Bikini Girls" and dating back to the reign of
Diocletian (286-305 AD) gained significant archeological renown, and Roman statues of
Venus in a bikini were found elsewhere. In the modern era, the first functional two-piece swimsuit was designed in 1913 by
Carl Jantzen. Australian swimmer-performer
Annette Kellerman was arrested in 1907 for wearing a two-piece. Later it was made popular by
pin-up girls like swimmer-actress
Esther Williams, and actresses
Ava Gardner,
Rita Hayworth, and
Lana Turner. The modern bikini was invented by
French engineer
Louis Réard in 1946. He named it after
Bikini Atoll in the Pacific, the site of an
atomic bomb test on July 1, 1946. Réard hoped that the burst of excitement it caused would be as explosive as an atomic bomb.
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The "Darnley portrait", the official portrait of Elizabeth I of England, likely painted from life ca. 1575–76. This portrait is the source of a face pattern which would be used and reused for authorized portraits of Elizabeth into the 1590s, preserving the impression of ageless beauty. It features a crown and sceptre on a table beside the queen, and was the first appearance of these symbols of sovereignty separately used as props (rather than worn and carried) in Tudor portraiture, a theme that would be expanded in later portraits.
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Milla Jovovich (
YOH-və-vich; born
Milica Jovović is an American model, actress, musician, and fashion designer. During her career, she has appeared in a number of
science fiction and
action-themed films, earning her the
sobriquet "reigning queen of kick-butt" from the music channel
VH1 in 2006. Jovovich began modeling when
Herb Ritts photographed her for the cover of the Italian magazine
Lei ("She") in 1987.
Richard Avedon then featured her in
Revlon's "Most Unforgettable Women in the World" advertisements and she also appeared in campaigns for
L'Oréal cosmetics,
Banana Republic,
Christian Dior,
Donna Karan, and
Versace. Jovovich and fellow model Carmen Hawk launched a line of clothing called
Jovovich-Hawk in 2003. The pair opened a showroom in New York City's
Greenwich Village on September 13, 2005, and the line lasted for four years. All of the dresses for Jovovich-Hawk line were designed by herself and her partner Carmen Hawk, in The
atelier is based in Los Angeles, but pieces could be found at
Fred Segal in Los Angeles,
Harvey Nichols, and over 50 stores around the world.
Vogue has praised the line for its "girl-about-town cult status most designers spend years trying to achieve." In November 2006, the
Council of Fashion Designers of America (CFDA) and
US Vogue nominated Jovovich-Hawk for the CFDA/
Vogue Fashion Fund Award. Jovovich-Hawk was nominated as a finalist, although
Doo-Ri Chung took the top prize.
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