Post–World War II air-to-air combat losses

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The last moments of a U.S. Air Force recon C-130 Hercules in gun camera of the Soviet MiG-17. 1958.
Gun camera sequence photo showing a North Vietnamese MiG-17-fighter being hit.
Gun camera sequence photos showing a North Vietnamese MiG-17 being hit and shot down by 20 mm shells from a U.S. Air Force F-105D Thunderchief during the Vietnam War.
Nguyễn Văn Cốc, the most successful pilot of the Vietnam War. He shot down 11 aircraft[1]

Air-to-air combat is the engagement of flying machines in warfare in which one or more aircraft tries to destroy one or more other aircraft. The Korean War saw the greatest amount of air-to-air combat since World War II. During the war the United States claimed to have shot down around 700 fighters.[A 1][3] After the war the USAF reviewed its figures in an investigation code-named Sabre Measure Charlie and downgraded the kill ratio of the North American F-86 Sabre against the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 by half from 14:1 to 7:1.[3] One of the factors inflating US numbers was that most dogfights took place over enemy-controlled area. The only way to confirm kills was through gun camera photography. USAF pilots were credited with a kill if the gun camera showed their guns striking the enemy aircraft even if no one actually saw it go down.[4] This contrasted with Soviet methodology that required other pilots' testimony, ground evidence, gun camera footage and support from the Chinese and Korean ground forces.[4]

The Vietnam War saw a move away from cannon fire to air-to-air missiles.[5] Although US forces maintained air supremacy throughout the war, there were still occasional dogfights and several US aces. The North Vietnamese side claimed the Vietnam People's Air Force had 17 aces throughout the war, including Nguyen Van Coc, who is also the top ace of Vietnam War with nine kills: seven manned aircraft and two UAVs.[clarification needed Image caption says 11] In just one day, in December 1966 the MiG-21 pilots of the 921st FR[clarification needed] downed 14 F-105s without any losses.[6]

During the 1947 conflict over Jammu and Kashmir, the Indian Air Force did not engage the Pakistan Air Force in air-to-air combat; however, it did provide effective transport and close air support to the Indian troops.[7] The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 was the first time the Indian Air Force actively engaged an enemy air force.[8] By the time the conflict had ended, India lost between 65 to 75 aircraft and Pakistan lost between 20 and 43.[9][10] The Indian Air Force lost 45 aircraft during the Indo-Pakistani war of 1971 and the Pakistani Air Force lost 94 aircraft.[11][12][13]

During the Iran-Iraq War of 1980–88, there were nearly 1,000 air-to-air engagements between Iran and Iraq, including the only known instances of helicopters dogfighting and shooting down other helicopters.[14] The Falklands War of 1982 witnessed air combat between Argentine and British military aircraft. The Falkland Islands' runways were short and thus unable to support fighter jets, forcing Argentina to launch fighters from the mainland, which had an adverse effect on their loiter time. The Argentine forces lost 23 aircraft in air-to-air combat, out of a total of 134 fixed wing aircraft and helicopters lost during the conflict. During the 1990–91 Persian Gulf War 33 of Iraq's 750 fixed wing aircraft were claimed as downed (23 were confirmed), compared to 14 coalition aircraft claimed as downed (the loss of one coalition F/A-18 Hornet is confirmed).[15][16]

Aircraft lost to air-to-air combat

Conflict Air Force Aircraft lost to air-to-air combat Reference
US incursions into Yugoslav airspace United States US Air Force 2–4[A 2] [17][18][19][20]
Indonesian National Revolution British Raj Royal Indian Air Force 2 [21]
Arab–Israeli War (1948–1949) United Kingdom Royal Air Force 5 [22]
Israel Israeli Air Force 7 (Arab claim); 0–1 (Israeli claim) [23][24][25][26]
Egypt Egypt Air Force 15 [23]
Syria Syrian Air Force 2 [23]
Korean War (1950–1953)[A 3] China PLAAF 379 (Chinese claim); 792 (US claim)[A 4] [27][28]
North Korea North Korean Air Force 270 (US claim)
United States US Aircraft 78 (US claim) [27]
United Nations UN Coalition Aircraft 1,097 (Soviet claim), 139 (UN claim)[A 5] [29]
South Korea South Korean Air Force 135
US incursions into Soviet airspace (1950–1970) United States US Aircraft 16 [A 6]
Soviet Union Soviet Air Defence Forces 3 [A 7]
Catalina affair Sweden Swedish Air Force 2
Avro Lincoln shoot down incident United Kingdom Royal Air Force 1 [30]
Air battle over Merklín United States USAFE 1 [31]
Bombing of Plaza de Mayo (1955) Argentina Argentine Naval Aviation 1 [32]
Suez Crisis Egypt Egyptian Air Force 7–9 [33]
Israel Israeli Air Force 1 [34]
Secret electronic surveillance missions United States US Navy 2 [35]
Second Taiwan Strait Crisis[A 8] China PLAAF 32 (Taiwanese claim); 5 (Chinese claim) [36]
Taiwan Air Force of Taiwan 14 (Chinese claim); 3 (Taiwanese claim) [37]
Vietnam War (1959–1975)[A 9] Vietnam Vietnam Air Force 131 (North Vietnam claim); 195 (US claim) [38][39]
United States US Aircraft 89[A 10] [40]
South Vietnam South Vietnam Air Force 72 [39]
Indian aerial photo reconnaissance of Pakistani territory India Indian Air Force 1 [41]
Taiwanese incursion into Burma airspace Taiwan Air Force of Taiwan 1 [19]
Dutch–Indonesian Conflict Indonesia Indonesian Air Force 1 [42]
Project Dark Gene (1960–79) Soviet Union Soviet Air Force 1 [43][44]
Iran Imperial Iranian Air Force 6 [43][45][46][47]
Bay of Pigs Invasion Cuba Brigade 2506 10 (Confirmed) [48]
Six-Day War Israel Israeli Air Force 20 [24][25][49]
Egypt Egypt Air Force
Syria Syrian Air Force
Jordan Royal Jordanian Air Force		 64–72[A 11] [50][51]
Indo-Pakistan War of 1965 India Indian Air Force 60–75 [52]
Pakistan Pakistan Air Force 20-45 [10]
War of Attrition Egypt Egypt Air Force 60 (Egyptian claim);113 (Israeli claim) [50]
Israel Israeli Air Force 30 [53]
Football War[A 12] El Salvador Air Force of El Salvador 3 [54]
Indo-Pakistan War of 1971 India Indian Air Force 45 (Indian claim);130 (Pakistani claim) [13][55]
Pakistan Pakistan Air Force 94 (Indian claim) [55][56][57]
Turkish invasion of Cyprus Turkey Turkish Air Force 1 (Greek claim) [58]
Yom Kippur War Israel Israeli Air Force 5 (Israeli claim) [26]
Egypt Egypt Air Force
Syria Syrian Air Force		 277 (Israeli claim) [26]
Libyan–Egyptian War (1977) Libya Libyan Air Force 4–5 [59]
Egypt Egyptian Air Force 1 [59]
Iranian and Soviet airspace incursions (1970s) Iran Imperial Iranian Army Aviation + IIAF 2[A 13] + 3 [47][60][61]
Soviet Union Soviet Air Forces 1 [62]
Soviet war in Afghanistan Afghanistan Afghan National Army Air Corps 8 [63]
Pakistan Pakistan Air Force 1 [63]
Iran Islamic Republic of Iran Army Aviation 2[A 14] [64]
Mojahedin 4 [65]
Nicaraguan Revolution Nicaragua Nicaraguan Air Force 2 [66]
Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988) Flag of Iraq (1963-1991); Flag of Syria (1963-1972).svg Iraqi Aircraft 234 (confirmed) [67][68]
Iran Iranian Aircraft 73 (confirmed) [69]
Soviet Union Soviet Air Forces 3 (Iranian claim); 0 (Soviet claim) [70][71]
Syria Syrian Air Force 3 [72]
Algeria Algerian Government Aircraft 1 [72]
Turkey Turkish Air Force 1 [73]
South African Border War Flag of South Africa (1928-1994).svg South African Air Force 1 [74]
Angola National Air Force of Angola 2 [74]
US Freedom of Navigation operations in Gulf of Sidra (1980–1989) Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Libyan Air Force 4 [75]
Salvadoran Civil War FMLN supply aircraft 1 [76]
Falklands War Argentina Argentine Naval Aviation/Argentine Air Force 23 [77]
United Kingdom Army Air Corps 1 [78]
1982 Lebanon War Syria Syrian Air Force 82–86 (Israeli claim) [79][80][81]
Israel Israeli Air Force 1 (Israeli claim); 42 (Syrian claim); 3 (ACIG claim) [82][83][84]
Sri Lankan Civil War (1983–2009) Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam 1 [85]
Tanker War (1984–1988) Iran Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force 1–2 (Saudi claim) [86][87]
Persian Gulf War (1990–1991) United States United States Navy 1 (US claim); 11 (Iraqi claim) [15][16]
United Kingdom Royal Air force 1 [88]
Italy Italian Air Force 1 [89]
Saudi Arabia Royal Saudi Air Force 1 [90]
Iraq Iraqi Air Force 23 (Iraqi claim); 44 (Coalition claim) [15][16]
Iraqi no-fly zones enforcement United States US Aircraft 3[A 15] [91]
Iraq Iraqi Air Force 5
Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995) Italy Italian Army 1[A 16] [92]
1992 Venezuelan coup d'état attempts Venezuela Bolivarianos 3 [93]
Operation Deny Flight Flag of Republika Srpska.svg Republika Srpska Air Force 5 [94]
Cenepa War (1995) Peru Peruvian Air Force 1 (confirmed), 2 (Ecuadorian claim) [95]
Aegean dispute (1996) Turkey Turkish Air Force 1 [96]
Eritrean–Ethiopian War (1998–2000) Eritrea Eritrean Air Force 2–6 [97]
Ethiopia Ethiopian Air Force Up to 7 [98][99]
Operation Allied Force Serbia and Montenegro Yugoslav Air Force 5 + 1 heavily damaged, later destroyed on the ground [100]
NATO NATO Air Force 1 + 1 Tomahawk [101][102]
Atlantique incident Pakistan Pakistan Navy 1 [103]
2001–02 India–Pakistan standoff India Indian Air Force 1[A 17] [104][105]
Iran–Israel proxy conflict   Hezbollah UAVs 2 [106][107]
2008 Georgian spy plane shootdowns Georgia (country) Georgian Air Force 1 [108][109]
Iraq War (2003–2011) Iran Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force 1[A 18] [110]
War in Afghanistan United States United States Air Force 1[A 19] [111]
Syrian Civil War Syria Syrian Air Force 3 [112][113][114][115]
Russia Russian Air Force 1 [116]
War in Donbass Ukraine Ukrainian Air Force 1 (Ukrainian claim) [117]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ During the Korean War experienced Soviet pilots flew against USAF forces.[2]
  2. ↑ First shootdowns of "cold war".
  3. ↑ First combat instance of a jet shooting down a jet happened during this war.
  4. ↑ Differences in numbers is attributed to Soviet vs US claims of planes shot down
  5. ↑ Soviet claim of planes shot down
  6. ↑ See the US Soviet air-to-air combat article
  7. ↑ See the Air-to-air combat losses between the USSR and US article
  8. ↑ First combat use of guided air-to-air missiles occurred during this war.
  9. ↑ First combat instance of a manned aircraft shooting down a UAV happened during this war.
  10. ↑ Numbers include losses of unmanned aircraft and unconfirmed losses
  11. ↑ Numbers include unconfirmed losses
  12. ↑ The last war in which piston-engined fighter planes fought each other.
  13. ↑ In 1978, a Soviet Mig-23 Flogger intercepted 4 Iranian CH-47 Chinook helicopters over Karakum Canal inside Soviet airspace, shooting one of them down and damaging another. The damaged helicopter managed to land inside the Soviet Union and its crew was captured by Soviet forces. Later, the crew was released and the helicopter was allowed to be repaired and return to Iran.
  14. ↑ In 1988, two Soviet Mig-23 Floggers shot down a pair of Iranian AH-1J SuperCobra attack helicopters over western Afghanistan.
  15. ↑ The 1994 Black Hawk shootdown incident, sometimes referred to as the Black Hawk Incident, was a friendly fire incident over northern Iraq that occurred on April 14, 1994 during Operation Provide Comfort. The pilots of two United States Air Force (USAF) F-15 fighter aircraft, operating under the control of a USAF airborne warning and control system (AWACS) aircraft, misidentified two United States Army UH-60 Black Hawk helicopters as Iraqi Mil Mi-24 "Hind" helicopters. The F-15 pilots fired on and destroyed both helicopters, killing all 26 military service members and civilians from the United States, United Kingdom, France, Turkey, and the Kurdish community. The third loss was a UAV Predator shot down by a Mig-25 in December 2002.
  16. ↑ An Italian Army Bell 206 helicopter was shot down by a Serb Mig over Novi Marof, near Varaždin, Croatia, on 7 January 1992. One French and four Italian military observers were killed. The incident prompted the resignation of the Yugoslav Minister of Defence. The helicopter was part of an European Community mission in Croatia.
  17. ↑ On the night of 8th June 2002, a pair of IAI SearcherII UAV of Indian Air Force were detected inside Pakistan by "mobile observation units". Pakistan Air Force scrambled 2 Mirage III's and 4 F-7P fighter jets which failed to detect and intercept the drones. Finally a pair of F-16 B's of Pakistan Air Force succeeded to intercept and shoot down one of the drones using their Aim-9Ls.
  18. ↑ According to U.S and Iraqi sources, in February 2009 a USAF F-16 intercepted and shot down an Iranian UAV that had violated Iraqi airspace.
  19. ↑ According to U.S sources, in September 2009 a USAF fighter intercepted and shot down an out of control armed MQ-9 Reaper UAV, near Afghan border.

References

Notes

  1. ↑ Bowers, Al; Lednicer, David (17 May 1999). "Fighter Pilot Aces List". The Air University.
  2. ↑ Brune 1996, p. 215
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Dorr & Thompson 2003, p. 186
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Zhang 2004, p. 153
  5. ↑ Boyne 2002, p. 2
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ Barua 2005, p. 192
  8. ↑ Pradhan & Chavan 2007, p. xiv
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ http://orbat.com/site/cimh/iaf/IAF_1971_kills_rev1.pdf
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Davis 2002, p. 300
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 "The First Night" by Cooper, Sadik (IAPR, Vol.26)
  17. ↑ http://users.skynet.be/Emmanuel.Gustin/faq/shotdowns.html
  18. ↑ http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_303.shtml
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 http://myplace.frontier.com/~anneled/ColdWar.html
  20. ↑ http://www.vojska.net/eng/armed-forces/yugoslavia/airforce/victories/
  21. ↑ http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_303.shtml
  22. ↑ Aloni 2001, pp. 18, 22
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Aloni 2001, pp. 6–22
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Egyptian Air-to-Air Victories since 1948
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Syrian Air-to-Air Victories since 1948
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Walker 1983, pp. 64–68
  28. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  29. ↑ Zhang 2004, p. 152
  30. ↑ Jackson, A.J. Avro Aircraft since 1908, 2nd edition. London: Putnam Aeronautical Books, 1990, p. 406.
  31. ↑ http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_303.shtml
  32. ↑ Overseas Operators of the Gloster Meteor
  33. ↑ Herzog, The Arab–Israeli Wars, p. 138
  34. ↑ Nordeen, Lon Fighters Over Israel London 1991, p. 198
  35. ↑ http://www.coldwar.org/histories/HistoryofUSNavyFleetAirReconnaissance.asp
  36. ↑ http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_145.shtml
  37. ↑ http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_145.shtml
  38. ↑ Boyne 2002, p. 679
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 "Aviaciya PVO Rossii i nauchno-technicheskii progress. Boevie kompleksi i sistemi vchera, segodnya, zavtra", E.A. Fedosova, Drofa, 2004
  40. ↑ [1]
  41. ↑ http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_324.shtml
  42. ↑ http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_303.shtml
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 http://www.spyflight.co.uk/darkgene.htm
  44. ↑ http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_366.shtml
  45. ↑ Chronological Listing of Iranian Air Force McDonnell-Douglas F-4 Phantom II
  46. ↑ http://www.ejection-history.org.uk/country-by-country/iranian_f_4_phantom_losses.htm
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 http://www.ejection-history.org.uk/Country-By-Country/Iran.htm
  48. ↑ http://www.acig.info/CMS/?option=com_content&task=view&id=42&Itemid=47
  49. ↑ Iraqi Air-to-Air Victories since 1967
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 Cordesman 2006, p. 168
  51. ↑ Israeli Air-to-Air Victories in 1967
  52. ↑ The Sunday Tribune – Spectrum. Tribuneindia.com. Retrieved on 2011-04-14.
  53. ↑ "F-4 na blijnem vostoke", Vladimir Ilin, 2004
  54. ↑ http://www.acig.info/CMS/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=41&Itemid=47
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 [2].
  56. ↑ Wilson 2002, p. 58
  57. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  58. ↑ http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_298.shtml
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 Gordon, Yefim. MiG-21 (Russian Fighters). Earl Shilton, Leicester, UK: Midland Publishing Ltd., 2008.
  60. ↑ The Aviation History, Florian Ion Petrescu, Relly Victoria Petrescu, 2012, p. 88
  61. ↑ http://www.acig.info/CMS/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=53&Itemid=47
  62. ↑ http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_210.shtml
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  64. ↑ The Aviation History, Florian Ion Petrescu, Relly Victoria Petrescu, 2012, p. 82
  65. ↑ Chronological Listing of Afghan Ejections
  66. ↑ http://www.acig.info/CMS/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=94&Itemid=47
  67. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  68. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  69. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  70. ↑ http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_211.shtml
  71. ↑ MiG-25BM
  72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_404.shtml
  73. ↑ http://theaviationist.com/2012/09/06/tuaf-incidents/
  74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 Lord, Dick (2000). Vlamgat: The Story of the Mirage F1 in the South African Air Force. Covos-Day. ISBN 0-620-24116-0.
  75. ↑ "Congressional Research Service Issue Brief for Congress: Libya". (2002, April 10). Foreign Press Centers, U.S. Department of State, Retrieved 20 December 2010.
  76. ↑ http://www.acig.info/CMS/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=89&Itemid=47
  77. ↑ Boyne 2002, p. 215
  78. ↑ Chant, Christopher (2001). Air War in the Falklands 1982 . Osprey Publishing, p. 67. ISBN 1-84176-293-8
  79. ↑ Rabinovich, The Yom Kippur War, Schocken Books (2004) p. 510
  80. ↑ Herzog, The Arab–Israeli Wars, Random House (1982) pp. 347–48
  81. ↑ Bruce Walker & the editors of Time-Life books, Fighting Jets: The Epic of Flight, Time Life Books (1983) pp. 162–63
  82. ↑ Arab MiG-19 and MiG-21 Units in Combat by David Nicolle and Tom Cooper(2004) p. 77
  83. ↑ MiG-23 na blijnem vostoke. Vladimir Ilin
  84. ↑ לבטאון חיל-האוויר הישראלי, July 1984, №141, p. 12
  85. ↑ Ministry of Defence 2008
  86. ↑ http://www.nytimes.com/1984/06/06/world/2-iranian-fighters-reported-downed-by-saudi-air-force.html
  87. ↑ http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,951187,00.html?internalid=ACA
  88. ↑ Aviatsya i Vremya 5/2005, Ahmad Sadik & Diego Fernando Zampini " The third day (and beyond...)"
  89. ↑ Aviatsya i Vremya 5/2005, Ahmad Sadik & Diego Fernando Zampini " The third day (and beyond...)"
  90. ↑ Cooper, Tom. "Operation Samarrah", October 2010
  91. ↑ One Predator was shot by a Mig-25 on December 27, 2002. Knights, Michael (2005).Cradle of conflict: Iraq and the birth of modern U.S. military power. Naval Institute Press, p. 242. ISBN 1-59114-444-2
  92. ↑ "Yugoslav defense chief resigns after attack" USA today, Jan 9, 1992
  93. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  94. ↑ Lista gubitaka/ostecenja vazduhoplova u Ex-JRV od 1945 godine do danas (Serbian)
  95. ↑ Scheina 2003, p. 125
  96. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  97. ↑ Flankervs Falcrum in Ethiopia vs. Eritrea. What actually happened?
  98. ↑ Jan J. Safarik. Air Aces. Ethiopian-Eritrea Conflict 1999–2000
  99. ↑ II Ethiopian Eritrean War, 1998–2000
  100. ↑ Yugoslav & Serbian MiG-29s
  101. ↑ European Air-to-Air Victories
  102. ↑ Military Mi-8 HIP helicopter to fly alongside a Hunter UAV and then have the Door Gunner blast the UAV with his 7.62mm machine gun
  103. ↑ http://edition.cnn.com/ASIANOW/time/asia/magazine/1999/990823/india_pakistan1.html
  104. ↑ http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_324.shtml
  105. ↑ http://vayu-sena-aux.tripod.com/other-Parakram-IAF-UAV-Wreckage.html
  106. ↑ http://www.jpost.com/Video-Articles/Video/IAF-shoots-down-UAV-in-northern-Negev
  107. ↑ http://www.jpost.com/Defense/IAF-shoots-down-drone-which-flew-south-from-Lebanon-311098
  108. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  109. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  110. ↑ [3]
  111. ↑ http://www.popsci.com/military-aviation-amp-space/article/2009-09/when-drones-go-wild-air-force-shoots-them-down
  112. ↑ [4]
  113. ↑ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2423831/Syrian-helicopter-pilot-shot-Turkish-forces-beheaded-rebels.html
  114. ↑ http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ilBi1RcPl-NV2Ya3SJq1m4KTinAQ?docId=fa5d68d8-a938-49b3-aef8-14bd8cadab82
  115. ↑ http://in.reuters.com/article/2015/05/16/mideast-crisis-syria-turkey-idINL5N0Y70GZ20150516
  116. ↑ [5]
  117. ↑ http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-28345039

Bibliography

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External links

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