Prisons in the Republic of Ireland
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Recently, there has been considerable growth in the prison population of Ireland.
Contents
Authority
In 1925, shortly after the establishment of the Irish Free State, the then Minister for Justice, Kevin O'Higgins, introduced legislation repealing the existing ability of grand juries to appoint visiting committees to Irish prisons. Instead, the authority to appoint the members of prison visiting committees was vested solely in the person of the Minister.[1][2] Similarly, the management of the Irish prison system passed to the control of the Minister with the dissolution by statutory instrument of the General Prisons Board in 1928.[3] Thus, by this date, both the responsibility and control over the management and oversight of the Irish Prison Service was held within the Minister's department.[4]
This situation remained unchanged until 1999 when the Minister for Justice, Equality and Law Reform, John O'Donoghue, established the Irish Prison Service to which was delegated the task of managing the day-to-day running of the prison system.[5] Simultaneously in 1999 a Prisons Authority Interim Board was established and its members were appointed by the Minister in 2000. The purpose of this board was to advise the Director General and directors of the Irish Prison Service on the management of the penal system.[6] In 2002 the retired High Court Judge, Dermot Kinlen, was appointed the state's first Inspector of Irish Prisons.[7] However, none of these new bodies was ever established on a statutory basis despite indications to the contrary. indeed, as recently as January 2011 Dermot Ahern informed the Dáil that:
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I have no immediate plans to introduce legislation to place the Irish Prison Service or the Prisons Authority Interim Board on a statutory basis[8]
In 2009 the Irish Prison Service had an annual budget of €379.319 million and it had a staff of 3,568 people.[9]
Prison population rate
The prison population in Ireland per 100,000 inhabitants is just under 94.[10]
Prisons and prison population (number)
There are currently 14 prisons operating in Ireland with a total bed capacity of 4,106 as of 31 December 2009. The daily average number of prisoners in custody in 2009 was 3,881. However, most of these prisons currently operate at or above capacity.[11] On 25 January 2011 the prison population stood at 4,541.[10]
Sentencing
In the year 2009 there were 15,425 committals to Irish prisons which is an increase of 13.8% on 2008 when the equivalent figure was 13,557. 12,339 individuals accounted for all the committals in 2009. 10,865 committals to Irish prisons in 2009 followed sentencing.[12]
Cost of placement
The average cost to incarcerate a person in a prison in 2009 was €77,222. This was a decrease of 16.7% on the 2008 figure when the cost of incarceration was €92,717 on average.[13]
Active prisons
Prison | Location | Year Opened | Type | Security | Sentenced | Remand | Age Range | Special Features | Servicing Area of | Male Capacity | Female Capacity | Daily Average Number (Male) |
Daily Average Number (Female) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mountjoy Prison | Dublin 7 | 1850 | Closed | Medium | ![]() |
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17+ | None | Dublin City | 590 | 0 | 632 | 0 |
Dóchas Centre | Dublin 7 | 1999 | Closed | Medium | ![]() |
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18+ | None | National (except Munster) | 0 | 85 | 0 | 110 |
St. Patrick's Institution[16] | Dublin 7 | 1956 | Closed | Medium | ![]() |
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17–21 | None | National | 217 | 0 | 221 | 0 |
Cork Prison[17] | Cork City | 1972 | Closed | Medium | ![]() |
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17+ | None | Cork, Kerry, Waterford | 272 | 0 | 298 | 0 |
Limerick Prison.[18] | Mulgrave Street, Limerick | 1822 | Closed | Medium | ![]() |
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17+ | None | Males: Clare, Limerick, Tipperary. Females: Munster | 290 | 20 | 298 | 22 |
Castlerea Prison[19] | Castlerea, County Roscommon | 1996 | Closed | Medium | ![]() |
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17+ | None | Connacht, Cavan, Donegal, Longford | 351 | 0 | 306 | 0 |
Cloverhill Prison[20] | Cloverhill, Dublin 22 | 1999 | Closed | Medium | ![]() |
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17+ | None | Leinster (primarily) | 431 | 0 | 438 | 0 |
Wheatfield Prison[21] | Cloverhill, Dublin 22 | 1989 | Closed | Medium | ![]() |
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17+ | None | Louth, Meath, Monaghan, Wexford, Wicklow | 430 | 0 | 426 | 0 |
Portlaoise Prison[22] | Portlaoise, County Laois | 1902 | Closed | High | ![]() |
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17+ | For those sentenced in the Special Criminal Court; subversive crime | National | 399 | 0 | 119 | 0 |
Arbour Hill Prison[23] | Dublin 7 | 1975 | Closed | Medium | ![]() |
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17+ | Sexual offenders; long term sentences | National | 148 | 0 | 154 | 0 |
Training Unit[24] | Dublin 7 | 1975 | Semi-open | Low | ![]() |
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18+ | Provides industrial training prior to release | National | 107 | 0 | 112 | 0 |
Midlands Prison[25] | Portlaoise, County Laois | 2000 | Closed | Medium | ![]() |
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17+ | None | Carlow, Kildare, Kilkenny, Laois, Offaly, Westmeath | 516 | 0 | 512 | 0 |
Loughan House[26] | County Cavan | 1973 | Open | Low | ![]() |
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18+ | None | National | 150 | 0 | 129 | 0 |
Shelton Abbey[27] | Arklow, County Wicklow | 1973 | Open | Low | ![]() |
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19+ | None | National | 100 | 0 | 94 | 0 |
Minors
Formerly, children in Ireland were detained in Industrial Schools or Reformatory Schools. Currently they are detained in institutions called Children Detention Schools. These detention schools are managed by the Irish Youth Justice Service. There are four facilities for the detention of "children", defined as boys under the age of 17 and girls under the age of 18:
- Finglas Child and Adolescent Centre
- Oberstown Boys School
- Oberstown Girls School
- Trinity House School[28]
Defunct prisons
- Spike Island
- Clonmel Borstal
- Geneva Barracks
- Kilmainham Gaol
- Newgate Prison, Dublin
- Richmond General Penitentiary
- Roscommon Jail (Now Stone Court Shopping Centre)
- Sligo Gaol
- The Black Dog, Dublin
- Cork City Gaol
- Cork County Gaol
Statutory basis of Irish penal system
- Children Act (2001)
- Criminal Justice Act (1960)
- Criminal Justice Act (1997)
- Criminal Justice Act (2000)
- Criminal Law Act (1997)
- Detention of Offenders (Castlerea) Regulations (1998)
- Detention of Offenders (Loughan House) Regulations (1973)
- Detention of Offenders (Shanganagh Castle) Regulations (1970)
- Detention of Offenders (Shelton Abbey) Regulations (1976)
- Detention of Offenders (The Curragh) Regulations (1996)
- Detention of Offenders (Training Unit) Regulations (1975)
- ECHR Bill (2001)
- General Provisions Board (1928)
- Human Rights Commission Act (2000)
- Illegal Immigrants Trafficking Act (2000)
- Immigration Act (1999)
- Immigration Act (2003)
- Immigration Act (2004)
- Medical Practitioners Act (1927)
- Non-Fatal Offences Act (1997)
- Ombudsman Act (1980)
- Ombudsman for Children Act (2002)
- Organisation of Working Time Regulations (1998)
- Prison Act (1933)
- Prison Act (1956)
- Prison Act (1970)
- Prison (Disciplinary Code for Officers) Rules (1996)
- Prisoners Temporary Release Rules (1960)
- Prisons Visiting Commitiees Act (1925
- Prisons Visiting Committees Order (1925)
- Refugee Act (1996)
- Rules for the Government of Prisons (1947)
- Rules for the Government of Prisons (1955)
- Rules for the Government of Prisons (1976)
- Rules for the Government of Prisons (1983)
- Rules for the Government of Prisons (1987)
- Safety Health and Welfare at Work Act (1989)
- Social Welfare (Social Assistance Regulations) (1993)
See also
Notes
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Prisons (Visiting Committees) Act, 1925.
- ↑ S.I. No. 79/1928 — General Prisons Board (Transfer of Functions) Order, 1928.
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- ↑ As these figures are for 2009 and there is an ongoing project of increasing prison capacity some of these figures are out of date. The most recent figures are available in the entries for individual prisons. As operational capacity is relative to actual prisoner numbers it is felt that it is necessary to keep both numbers coherent with each other. Therefore, the figures on this table will not be updated until the annual report for the 2010 year is issued which will give the capacity figures in relation to the average daily number of prisoners resident in a given institution.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ St. Patrick's Institution opened in 1956 when inmates from the borstal located in Clonmel, County Tipperary were transferred there. Prior to this the facility had functioned as the female section of Mountjoy Prison from its opening in 1850. Although situated within the Mountjoy Prison Complex, it is administered as a completely separate facility. An education unit was built in the last 20 years. In 2002 a new unit to cater for boys aged between fourteen and sixteen years was built but up until 2004 this had not been used. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ In 1806 a military barracks with a prison attached was opened by the British government on Rathmore Road, Cork City. Following independence in 1922 the control of this institution was taken over by the Irish Government and renamed Collins Barracks. It remained in the possession of the Irish Army until 1972 when it was handed over to the Department of Justice who returned the facility to use as a civil prison. It opened as a committal prison after considerable refurbishment in 1983. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Although built between 1815 and 1821 much of this facility has undergone extensive renovation of late. Many but not all of the old wings have been knocked down and replaced with new units providing for modern sanitation facilities. The original female section of the prison is generally not used except in cases of severe overcrowding, as a new modern female unit has been constructed. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Castlerea opened as a district mental hospital from 1939. Operating for short periods as a tuberculosis sanitorium, it remained open as a hospital until 1994 during which time it was renamed as St. Patrick's Hospital. Following its closure as hospital a small number of prisoners were accepted into the facility in 1996 but work was not completed on the construction of the main cell blocks until 1998. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ This is a purpose built "remand" prison and holds most of the male remand prisoners in the state. It is adjacent to the Wheatfield prison and shares many services with this institution. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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- ↑ The "E" block of Portlaoise Prison was built in 1902 on the site of an old county jail which had originally been built in 1830. The prison site consisted of 36 acres, 30 acres of which was farmland. Due to security concerns the farm ceased to function in the 1970s and currently hosts the Midlands Prison. From 1923 Portlaoise Prison was designated as convict prison (i.e. those sentenced to penal servitude understood as those serving sentences ranging from three years to life). In November 1972 the prison population then resident in the institution were dispersed to other institutions, principally Mountjoy Prison. In 1973 it ceased to be a convict prison and was instead designated as a high security prison to house subversive prisoners. In tandem with this change in status, army and police personnel were stationed in the grounds of the prison to augment the prison staff.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ the original Arbour Hill Hospital and Prison was built in 1797 at the site of the modern day St. Bricin's Military Hospital. The hospital was subsequently modified and renamed the King George V Hospital. The prison was moved to its current location in Arbour Hill and built between 1845–48. Following independence control of the institution was transferred to the Department of Defence. It served as a military prison until 1973 when the institution was passed over to the control of the Department of Justice and in 1975 it was reopened as a civilian prison. The majority of the prisoners in this institution have been convicted of sexual offences. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ The Training Unit was built on part of the grounds of Mountjoy Prison between 1973–74. It received its first prisoner in August 1975. The object of the Training Unit is to facilitate prisoners finding employment upon release by providing education and industrial training. It is a semi-open prison. There are no bars on the bedroom windows, prisoners may move about from area to area without being accompanied by prison staff and they each have a key to their own rooms. Staff, however, retain a masterkey to all the rooms.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ The Midlands Prison was built adjacent to Portlaoise Prison with which it shares some facilities. It was built as a public-private partnership for a cost of £46 million Irish punts. It is not a committal prison as all prisoners are transferred here from other prisons. Although there are a tiny number of prisoners in the population who are awaiting trial the vast majority of prisoners have been sentenced. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Loughan House was built in 1953 as a noviciate for the White Friar Fathers Missionary Congregation. In 1972 the 47 acre site was sold to the Department of Justice and it opened as a penal institute for young male offenders aged between sixteen and twenty-three years old in 1973. Dating from 1978 it was used as a juvenile detention centre for male offenders aged between twelve and sixteen years old. From 1983 it has served as an open centre for male prisoners aged over eighteen years old.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ This institution, located near Arklow in County Wicklow, was previously the home of Lord and Lady Wicklow before it was acquired by the state in the early 1950s. In 1972 it was purchased by the Department of Justice and since 1973 it has continuously operated as an open detention centre. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Bibliography
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