List of psychoactive plants
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Salvia divinorum, a dissociative hallucinogenic sage
A list of plants that are used as hallucinogens. Some of them have been used entheogenic for millennia. The plants are listed according to the substances they contain.
Contents
- 1 Cannabis
- 2 Tryptamines
- 3 Phenethylamines
- 4 Beta-carbolines
- 4.1 Apocynaceae
- 4.2 Bignoniaceae
- 4.3 Calycanthaceae
- 4.4 Chenopodiaceae
- 4.5 Combretaceae
- 4.6 Cyperaceae
- 4.7 Elaeagnaceae
- 4.8 Gramineae
- 4.9 Lauraceae
- 4.10 Leguminosae
- 4.11 Loganiaceae
- 4.12 Malpighiaceae
- 4.13 Myristicaceae
- 4.14 Ochnaceae
- 4.15 Palmae
- 4.16 Papaveraceae
- 4.17 Passifloraceae
- 4.18 Polygonaceae
- 4.19 Rubiaceae
- 4.20 Rutaceae
- 4.21 Sapotaceae
- 4.22 Simaroubaceae
- 4.23 Solanaceae
- 4.24 Symplocaceae
- 4.25 Tiliaceae
- 4.26 Zygophyllaceae
- 5 Plants containing other psychoactive substances
- 6 See also
- 7 References
- 8 Bibliography
- 9 External links
Cannabis
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Cannabis (Marijuana) is a popular psychoactive plant that is often used medically and recreationally. Cannabis is also unique in that it contains a psychoactive substance, THC, which contains no nitrogen and is not an indole, tryptamine, phenethylamine, anticholinergic (deliriant), or a dissociative drug. Cannabis plants tend to vary, with different strains producing dynamic balances of psychoactive cannabinoids (THC, CBD, etc.) that cause different strains to produce markedly different effects, popular strains often being hybrids of both Cannabis sativa and Cannabis indica. Some universities and research firms currently study the medicinal effects of cannabis. Many jurisdictions have laws regulating or prohibiting the sale and use of medical cannabis.
Tryptamines
DMT Molecule in 2D
Many of the psychedelic plants contain dimethyltryptamine (DMT), which is either snorted (Virola, Yopo snuffs), smoked, or drank with MAOIs (Ayahuasca). It cannot simply be eaten as it is not orally active without an MAOI and it needs to be extremely concentrated to be smokable.
Acanthaceae
Species, Alkaloid content, where given, refers to dried material
- Fittonia albivenis, a common ornamental plant from South America. It is useful in the treatment of headaches, etc.
- Justicia pectoralis, DMT in leaves
Aceraceae
- Acer saccharinum (Silver Maple Tree) was found to contain the indole alkaloid gramine (not active and extremely toxic) 0.05% in the leaves, so it is possible that other members of this plant family contain active compounds.[1]
Aizoaceae
- Delosperma acuminatum, DMT, 5-MEO-DMT[2]
- Delosperma cooperi, DMT, 5-MEO-DMT[2]
- Delosperma ecklonis, DMT[2]
- Delosperma esterhuyseniae, DMT[2]
- Delosperma hallii, 5-MEO-DMT[2]
- Delosperma harazianum, DMT, 5-MEO-DMT[2]
- Delosperma harazianum
Shibam, DMT[2]
- Delosperma harazianum
- Delosperma hirtum, DMT[2]
- Delosperma hallii
aff. litorale
- Delosperma hallii
- Delosperma lydenbergense, DMT, 5-MEO-DMT[2]
- Delosperma nubigenum, 5-MEO-DMT[2]
- Delosperma pageanum, DMT, 5-MEO-DMT[2]
- Delosperma pergamentaceum, Traces of DMT[2]
- Delosperma tradescantioides, DMT[2]
Apocynaceae
Fabaceae (Leguminosae)
- Acacia acuminata, Up to 1.5% alkaloids, mainly consisting of dimethyltryptamine in bark & leaf[4] Also, Harman, Tryptamine, NMT, other alkaloids in leaf.[5]
Acacia alpina, Active principles in leaf[6][unreliable source?]
Acacia angustissima, β-methyl-phenethylamine,[7] NMT and DMT in leaf (1.1-10.2 ppm)[8]
Acacia aroma, Tryptamine alkaloids.[9] Significant amount of tryptamine in the seeds.[10]
Acacia auriculiformis, 5-MeO-DMT in stem bark[11]
Acacia baileyana, 0.02% tryptamine and β-carbolines, in the leaf, Tetrahydroharman[12]- Acacia beauverdiana, Psychoactive[13] Ash used in Pituri.[14]
Acacia berlandieri, DMT, amphetamines, mescaline, nicotine[15]
Acacia catechu, DMT[2] and other tryptamines in leaf, bark
Acacia caven, Psychoactive[16]- Acacia chundra, DMT and other tryptamines in leaf, bark
- Acacia colei, DMT[17]
- Acacia complanata, 0.3% alkaloids in leaf and stem, almost all N-methyl-tetrahydroharman, with traces of tetrahydroharman, some of tryptamine[18][19][20]
Acacia confusa, DMT & NMT in leaf, stem & bark 0.04% NMT and 0.02% DMT in stem.[6] Also N,N-dimethyltryptamine N-oxide[21]
Acacia cornigera, Psychoactive,[16] Tryptamines[22] DMT according to C. Rastch.
Acacia cultriformis, Tryptamine, in the leaf, stem[6] and seeds.[10] Phenethylamine in leaf and seeds[10]- Acacia cuthbertsonii, Psychoactive[13]
Acacia decurrens, Psychoactive,[16] but less than 0.02% alkaloids[12]- Acacia delibrata, Psychoactive[13]
- Acacia falcata, Psychoactive,[13] but less than 0.02% alkaloids[12] Psychoactive 0.2-0.3% alkaloids[23]
Acacia farnesiana, Traces of 5-MeO-DMT[24] in fruit. β-methyl-phenethylamine, flower.[25] Ether extracts about 2-6% of the dried leaf mass.[26] Alkaloids are present in the bark[27] and leaves.[28] Amphetamines and mescaline also found in tree.[22]- Acacia flavescens, Strongly Psychoactive, Bark.
- Acacia floribunda, Tryptamine, phenethylamine,[29] in flowers[10] other tryptamines,[30] DMT,tryptamine,NMT 0.3-0.4% phyllodes.[31]
- Acacia georginae, Psychoactive,[16] plus deadly toxins
Acacia horrida, Psychoactive[16]
Acacia implexa, Psychoactive[32]- Acacia jurema, DMT, NMT
Acacia karroo, Psychoactive- Acacia laeta, DMT, in the leaf[6]
Acacia longifolia, 0.2% tryptamine in bark, leaves, some in flowers, phenylethylamine in flowers,[29] 0.2% DMT in plant.[33] Histamine alkaloids.[12]- Acacia sophorae, Tryptamine in leaves, bark[10]
- Acacia macradenia, Tryptamine[10]
Acacia maidenii, 0.6% NMT and DMT in about a 2:3 ratio in the stem bark, both present in leaves[6]
Acacia mangium, Psychoactive[16]
Acacia melanoxylon, DMT, in the bark and leaf,[34] but less than 0.02% total alkaloids[12]
Acacia mellifera, DMT, in the leaf[6]
Acacia nilotica, DMT, in the leaf[6]- Acacia nilotica subsp. adstringens, Psychoactive, DMT in the leaf
- Acacia neurophylla DMT in bark, Harman in leaf.[35]
- Acacia obtusifolia, Tryptamine, DMT, NMT, other tryptamines,[32] 0.4-0.5% in dried bark,0.15-0.2% in leaf, 0.07% in branch tips.[36]
- Acacia oerfota, Less than 0.1% DMT in leaf,[37] NMT
- Acacia penninervis, Psychoactive[13]
Acacia phlebophylla, 0.3% DMT in leaf, NMT[6]
Acacia podalyriaefolia, Tryptamine in the leaf,[6] 0.5% to 2% DMT in fresh bark, phenethylamine, trace amounts.[29] Although this species is claimed to contain 0.5% to 2% DMT in fresh bark the reference for this is invalid as there is no reference to Acacia Podalyriffolia anywhere in the reference article. Additionally, well known and proven extraction techniques for DMT have failed to produce any DMT or alkaloids from fresh bark or the leaves on multiple sample taken at various seasons. Should DMT actually exist in this species of Acacia then it exists in extremely small amounts and have failed to produce any alkaloids with Acid/Base extraction techniques using HCl/Na(OH)2. On the same note, more academic research is definitely required into the DMT content of this and other Australian Acacia species with proper chemical analysis of sample.[citation needed]
Acacia polyacantha, DMT in leaf[6] and other tryptamines in leaf, bark- Acacia polyacantha ssp. campylacantha, Less than 0.2% DMT in leaf, NMT; DMT and other tryptamines in leaf, bark[38]
Acacia rigidula, DMT, NMT, tryptamine, traces of amphetamines, mescaline, nicotine and others[39]- Acacia sassa, Psychoactive[16]
Acacia schaffneri, β-methyl-phenethylamine, Phenethylamine[40] Amphetamines and mescaline also found.[22]
Acacia senegal, Less than 0.1% DMT in leaf,[6] NMT, other tryptamines. DMT in plant,[25] DMT in bark.[10]- Acacia seyal, DMT, in the leaf.[6] Ether extracts about 1-7% of the dried leaf mass.[26]
Acacia sieberiana, DMT, in the leaf[6]
Acacia simplex, DMT and NMT, in the leaf, stem and trunk bark, 0.81% DMT in bark, MMT[6][41]
Acacia tortilis, DMT, NMT, and other tryptamines[32]
Acacia vestita, Tryptamine, in the leaf and stem,[6] but less than 0.02% total alkaloids[12]- Acacia victoriae, Tryptamines, 5-MeO-alkyltryptamine[10]
- List of Acacia Species Having Little or No Alkaloids in the Material Sampled:[12]
(0%
C 0.02%, Concentration of Alkaloids)
- Albizia inundata leaves contain DMT.[16]
- x25px Anadenanthera colubrina, Bufotenin, Beans,[42][43] Bufotenin oxide, Beans,[42] N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Beans,[42][43] pods,[42]
- Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil - Bufotenin and Dimethyltryptamine have been isolated from the seeds and seed pods, 5-MeO-DMT from the bark of the stems.[44] The seeds were found to contain 12.4% bufotenine, 0.06% 5-MeO-DMT and 0.06% DMT.[45]
Anadenanthera peregrina,
1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-6-methoxy-2,9-dimethyl-beta-carboline, Plant,[43] 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-6-methoxy-2-methyl-beta-carboline, Plant,[43] 5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, Bark,[43] 5-Methoxy-N-methyltryptamine, Bark,[43] Bufotenin, plant,[43] beans,[42] Bufotenin N-oxide, Fruit,[43] beans,[42] N,N-Dimethyltryptamine-oxide, Fruit[43][46]
- Anadenanthera peregrina var. peregrina, Bufotenine is in the seeds.[47]
Desmanthus illinoensis, 0% - 0.34% DMT in root bark, highly variable.[48] Also NMT, N-hydroxy-N-methyltryptamine, 2-hydroxy-N-methyltryptamine, and gramine (toxic).[49]
Desmanthus leptolobus, 0.14% DMT in root bark, more reliable than D. illinoensis[48]- Desmodium caudatum[50] (syn. Ohwia caudata ), Roots: 0.087% DMT,
- Desmodium intortum, Bufotentine, DMT[51]
Codariocalyx motorius(syn. Desmodium gyrans), DMT, 5-MEO-DMT, leaves, roots- Desmodium racemosum, 5-MEO-DMT
Desmodium triflorum, 0.0004% DMT-N-oxide, roots,[52] less in stems[52] and trace in leaves.[52]- Leonurus sibiricus, Alkaloids
Lespedeza capitata,
Lespedeza bicolor, DMT, 5-MEO-DMT in leaves and roots[53]- Lespedeza bicolor var. japonica, DMT, 5-MEO-DMT in leaves and root bark
- Mimosa ophthalmocentra, Dried root: DMT 1.6%, NMT 0.0012% and hordenine 0.0065%[54]
Mimosa scabrella, Tryptamine, NMT, DMT and N-methyltetrahydrocarboline in bark[55]- Mimosa somnians, Trytamines and MMT
Mimosa tenuiflora (syn. "Mimosa hostilis"), 0.31-0.57% DMT (dry root bark).[56] mimosa hostilis contains dmt and 5-meo-dmt.
Mimosa verrucosa, DMT[57] in root bark
Mucuna pruriens, "The leaves, seeds, stems and roots contain L-Dopa, Serotonin, 5-HTP, and Nicotine, as well as N,N-DMT, Bufotenine, and 5-MeO-DMT."[58]- Petalostylis casseoides, 0.4-0.5% tryptamine, DMT, etc. in leaves and stems[53]
- Petalostylis labicheoides var. casseoides, DMT in leaves and stems
- Phyllodium pulchellum(syn. Desmodium pulchellum), 0.2% 5-MeO-DMT, small quantities of DMT[53] DMT (dominates in seedlings and young plants), 5-MEO-DMT (dominates in mature plant), whole plant, roots, stems, leaves, flowers
- Erythrina flabelliformis, other Erythrina species, seeds contain the alkaloids Erysodin and Erysovin[59]
Caesalpinioideae subfamily
- Petalostylis cassioides: 0.4-0.5% tryptamine, DMT, etc. in leaves and stems[60]
- Petalostylis labicheoides, Tryptamines in leaves and stems, MAO's up to 0.5%[61]
- Lauraceae
Malpighiaceae
- Diplopterys cabrerana: DMT 0.17-1.74%, average of 0.47% DMT[62]
Myristicaceae
- Horsfieldia superba: 5-MeO-DMT[53] and beta-carbolines[60]
- Iryanthera macrophylla: 5-MeO-DMT in bark[53]
- Iryanthera ulei: 5-MeO-DMT in bark
- Osteophloem platyspermum: DMT, 5-MeO-DMT in bark
- Virola calophylla, Leaves 0.149% DMT, leaves 0.006% MMT 5-MeO-DMT in bark[63]
- Virola callophylloidea, DMT
- Virola carinata, DMT in leaves
- Virola cuspidata, DMT[61]
- Virola divergens, DMT in leaves
Virola elongata(syn. Virola theiodora), DMT, 5-MEO-DMT in bark, roots, leaves and flowers- Virola melinonii, DMT in bark
- Virola multinervia, DMT, 5-MEO-DMT in bark and roots
- Virola pavonis, DMT in leaves
- Virola peruviana, 5-MEO-DMT, traces of DMT and 5-MeO-tryptamine in bark
- Virola rufula, Alkaloids in bark and root, 95% of which is MeO-DMT[64] 0.190% 5-MeO-DMT in bark, 0.135% 5-MeO-DMT in root, 0.092% DMT in leaves.
- Virola sebifera, The bark contains 0.065% to 0.25% alkaloids, most of which are DMT and 5-MeO-DMT.[65]
- Virola surinamensis, DMT[61] in bark
- Virola venosa, DMT, 5-MEO-DMT in roots, leaves DMT
Ochnaceae
- Testulea gabonensis: 0.2% 5-MeO-DMT, small quantities of DMT,[53] DMT in bark and root bark, NMT
Ochnaceae
Poaceae (Gramineae)
Some Graminae (grass) species contain gramine, which can cause brain damage, other organ damage, central nervous system damage and death in sheep.[66]
Arundo donax, 0.0057% DMT in dried rhizome, no stem, 0.026% bufotenine, 0.0023% 5-MeO-MMT[67]
Phalaris aquatica, 0.0007-0.18% Total alkaloids,[68] 0.100% DMT,[69] 0.022% 5-MeO-DMT,[69] 0.005% 5-OH-DMT[69]
Phalaris arundinacea, 0.0004-0.121% Total alkaloids[68]- Phalaris brachystachys, Aerial parts up to 3% total alkaloids, DMT present[citation needed]
Phragmites australis, DMT in roots. None of the above alkaloids are said to have been found in Phalaris californica, Phalaris canariensis, Phalaris minor and hybrids of P. arundinacea together with P. aquatica.[68]
Polygonaceae
- Erigonum sp.: DMT
Punicaceae
- Punica granatum "DMT in root cortex;"[61] The dried stem and root bark of the tree contain about 0.4-0.9% alkaloids.[70]
Rubiaceae
- Mitragyna speciosa, 7-hydroxymitragynine [71]
- Psychotria carthagenensis, 0.2% average DMT in dried leaves
- Psychotria expansa, DMT[61]
- Psychotria forsteriana, DMT[61]
- Psychotria insularum, DMT[61]
Psychotria poeppigiana,[72] DMT[61]- Psychotria rostrata, DMT[61]
- Psychotria rufipilis, DMT[61]
Psychotria viridis, DMT 0.1-0.61% dried mass.[73]
Rutaceae[74][75]
Dictyoloma incanescens, 5-MeO-DMT in leaves,[64] 0.04% 5-MeO-DMT in bark[53]- Dutaillyea drupacea, > 0.4% 5-MeO-DMT in leaves[32]
- Dutaillyea oreophila, 5-MeO-DMT in leaves
Tetradium ruticarpum(syn. Evodia rutaecarpa), 5-MeO-DMT in leaves, fruit and roots
Limonia acidissima, 5-MeO-DMT in stems- Euodia leptococca (formerly Melicope), 0.2% total alkaloids, 0.07% 5-MeO-DMT; 5-MeO-DMT in leaves and stems, also "5-MeO-DMT-Oxide and a beta-carboline"[60]
- Pilocarpus organensis, 5-MeO-DMT in leaves
- Vepris ampody, Up to 0.2% DMT in leaves and branches[53]
- Zanthoxylum arborescens, DMT in leaves
- Zanthoxylum procerum, DMT in leaves
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Urticaceae
- Urtica pilulifera: Bufotenin[61]
Phenethylamines
Species, Alkaloid Content (Fresh) - Alkaloid Content (Dried)
- Echinopsis lageniformis
(syn. Trichocereus bridgesii), Mescaline > 0.025%,[76] also 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine < 1%, 3-methoxytyramine < 1%, tyramine < 1% - Mescaline 2%[77] - Echinopsis scopulicola
(syn. Trichocereus scopulicola), Mescaline[78] - Echinopsis pachanoi
(syn. Trichocereus pachanoi), Mescaline 0.006-0.12%, 0.05% Average[79] - Mescaline 0.01%-2.375%[79] - Echinopsis spachiana
(syn. Trichocereus spachianus), Mescaline[80] - Mescaline[80] - Lophophora williamsii
(Peyote), 0.4% Mescaline[78] - 3-6% Mescaline[80] - Opuntia acanthocarpa
Mescaline[80] - Opuntia basilaris
Mescaline 0.01%, plus 4-hydroxy-3-5-dimethoxyphenethylamine[80] - Austrocylindropuntia cylindrica (syn. Opuntia cylindrica),[81] Mescaline[80]
- Cylindropuntia echinocarpa
(syn. Opuntia echinocarpa), Mescaline 0.01%, 3-4-dimethoxyphenethylamine 0.01%, 4-hydroxy-3-5-dimethoxyphenethylamine 0.01%[80] - Cylindropuntia spinosior (syn. Opuntia spinosior),[82] Mescaline 0.00004%, 3-methoxytyramine 0.001%, tyramine 0.002%, 3-4-dimethoxyphenethylamine.[80]
- Echinopsis macrogona
(syn. Trichocereus macrogonus), > 0.01-0.05% Mescaline[83] - Echinopsis peruviana
(syn. Trichocereus peruvianus), Mescaline 0.0005%-0.12%[79] - Mescaline - Echinopsis tacaquirensis subsp. taquimbalensis (syn. Trichocereus taquimbalensis),[84] > 0.005-0.025% Mescaline[83]
- Echinopsis terscheckii
(syn. Trichocereus terscheckii, Trichocereus werdemannianus)[85] > 0.005-0.025% Mescaline[83] - Mescaline 0.01%-2.375%[79] - Echinopsis valida, 0.025% Mescaline[78]
- Pelecyphora aselliformis, Mescaline[78]
Beta-carbolines
Harmaline, a Beta-carboline
Beta-carbolines are "reversible" MAO-A inhibitors. They are found in some plants used to make Ayahuasca. In high doses the harmala alkaloids are somewhat hallucinogenic on their own.
Apocynaceae
- Amsonia tabernaemontana, Harmine
- Aspidosperma exalatum, Beta-carbolines[86]
- Aspidosperma polyneuron, Beta-carbolines[86]
- Apocynum cannabinum, Harmalol
- Ochrosia nakaiana, Harman
- Pleicarpa mutica, Beta-carbolines[86]
Bignoniaceae
- Newbouldia laevis, Harman
Calycanthaceae
Chenopodiaceae
- Hammada leptoclada, Tetrahydroharman, etc.
- Kochia scoparia, Harmine, etc.
Combretaceae
- Guiera senegalensis, Harman, etc.
Cyperaceae
- Carex brevicollis, Harmine, etc.
- Carex parva, Beta-carbolines[86]
Elaeagnaceae
- Elaeagnus angustifolia, Harman, etc.
- Elaeagnus commutata, Beta-carbolines[86]
- Elaeagnus hortensis, Tetrahydroharman, etc.
- Elaeagnus orientalis, Tetrahydroharman
- Elaeagnus spinosa, Tetrahydroharman
- Hippophae rhamnoides, Harman, etc.
- Shepherdia argentea, Tetrahydroharmol
- Shepherdia canadensis, Tetrahydroharmol
Gramineae
- Arundo donax, Tetrahydroharman
- Festuca arundinacea, Harman, etc.
- Lolium perenne, (Perennial Ryegrass), Harman, etc.
- Phalaris aquatica, Beta-carbolines[86]
- Phalaris arundinacea, Beta-carbolines[86]
Lauraceae
- Nectandra megapotamica, Beta-carbolines[86]
Leguminosae
- Acacia baileyana, Tetrahydroharman
- Acacia complanata, Tetrahydroharman, etc.
- Burkea africana, Harman, etc.
- Desmodium gangeticum, Beta-carbolines[86]
- Desmodium gyrans, Beta-carbolines[86]
- Desmodium pulchellum, Harman, etc.
- Mucuna pruriens, 6-Methoxy-Harman
- Petalostylis labicheoides, Tetrahydroharman; MAO's up to 0.5%[61]
- Prosopis nigra, Harman, etc.
- Shepherdia pulchellum, Beta-carbolines[86]
Loganiaceae
- Strychnos melinoniana, Beta-carbolines[86]
- Strychnos usambarensis, Harman[86]
Malpighiaceae
- Banisteriopsis argentia, 5-methoxytetrahydroharman, (−)-N(6)-methoxytetrahydroharman, dimethyltryptamine-N(6)-oxide[7]
- Banisteriopsis caapi, Harmine 0.31-0.84%,[87] tetrahydroharmine, telepathine, dihydroshihunine,[88] 5-MeO-DMT in bark[89]
- Banisteriopsis inebrians, Beta-carbolines[86]
- Banisteriopsis lutea, Harmine, telepathine[7]
- Banisteriopsis metallicolor, Harmine, telepathine[7]
- Banisteriopsis muricata, Harmine up to 6%, harmaline up to 4%, plus DMT[90]
- Diplopterys cabrerana, Beta-carbolines[86]
- Cabi pratensis, Beta-carbolines[86]
- Callaeum antifebrile(syn. Cabi paraensis), Harmine
- Tetrapterys methystica(syn. Tetrapteris methystica), Harmine[91]
Myristicaceae
- Gymnacranthera paniculata, Beta-carbolines[86]
- Horsfieldia superba Beta-carbolines[60]
- Virola cuspidata, 6-Methoxy-Harman
- Virola rufula, Beta-carbolines[86]
- Virola theiodora, Beta-carbolines[86]
Ochnaceae
- Testulea gabonensis, Beta-carbolines[86]
Palmae
- Plectocomiopsis geminiflora, Beta-carbolines[86]
Papaveraceae
- Meconopsis horridula, Beta-carbolines[86]
- Meconopsis napaulensis, Beta-carbolines[86]
- Meconopsis paniculata, Beta-carbolines[86]
- Meconopsis robusta, Beta-carbolines[86]
- Meconopsis rudis, Beta-carbolines[86]
- Papaver rhoeas, Beta-carbolines[86] x25px
Passifloraceae
- Passiflora actinia, Harman
- Passiflora alata, Harman
- Passiflora alba, Harman
- Passiflora bryonoides, Harman
- Passiflora caerulea, Harman
- Passiflora capsularis, Harman
- Passiflora decaisneana, Harman
- Passiflora edulis, Harman, 0-7001 ppm[25] in fruit
- Passiflora eichleriana, Harman
- Passiflora foetida, Harman
- Passiflora incarnata (with bee), Harmine, Harmaline, Harman, etc. 0.03%.[92] Alkaloids in rind of fruit 0.25%[92]
- Passiflora quadrangularis, Harman
- Passiflora ruberosa, Harman
- Passiflora subpeltata, Harman
- Passiflora warmingii, Harman
Polygonaceae
- Calligonum minimum, Beta-carbolines[86]
- Leptactinia densiflora, Leptaflorine, etc.
- Ophiorrhiza japonica, Harman
- Pauridiantha callicarpoides, Harman
- Pauridiantha dewevrei, Harman
- Pauridiantha lyalli, Harman
- Pauridiantha viridiflora, Harman
- Simira klugei, Harman
- Simira rubra, Harman
Rubiaceae
- Borreria verticillata, Beta-carbolines[86]
- Leptactinia densiflora, Beta-carbolines[86]
- Nauclea diderrichii, Beta-carbolines[86]
- Ophiorrhiza japonica, Beta-carbolines[86]
- Pauridiantha callicarpoides, Beta-carbolines[86]
- Pauridiantha dewevrei, Beta-carbolines[86]
- Pauridiantha yalli, Beta-carbolines[86]
- Pauridiantha viridiflora, Beta-carbolines[86]
- Pavetta lanceolata, Beta-carbolines[86]
- Psychotria carthagenensis, Beta-carbolines[86]
- Psychotria viridis, Beta-carbolines[86]
- Simira klugei, Beta-carbolines[86]
- Simira rubra, Beta-carbolines[86]
- Uncaria attenuata, Beta-carbolines[86]
- Uncaria canescens, Beta-carbolines[86]
- Uncaria orientalis, Beta-carbolines[86]
Rutaceae
- Tetradium (syn. Evodia) species: Some contain carbolines
- Euodia leptococca Beta-carboline[60]
- Araliopsis tabouensis, Beta-carbolines[86]
- Flindersia laevicarpa, Beta-carbolines[86]
- Xanthoxylum rhetsa, Beta-carbolines[86]
Sapotaceae
- Chrysophyllum lacourtianum, Norharman etc.
- Scutellaria
- Scutellaria nana
Simaroubaceae
- Ailanthus malabarica, Beta-carbolines.[86] See also Nag Champa.
- Perriera madagascariensis, Beta-carbolines[86]
- Picrasma ailanthoides, Beta-carbolines[86]
- Picrasma crenata, Beta-carbolines[86]
- Picrasma excelsa, Beta-carbolines[86]
- Picrasma javanica, Beta-carbolines[86]
Solanaceae
- Vestia foetida, (Syn V. lycioides) Beta-carbolines[86]
Symplocaceae
- Symplocos racemosa, Harman
Tiliaceae
- Grewia mollis, Beta-carbolines[86]
Zygophyllaceae
- Fagonia cretica, Harman
- Nitraria schoberi, Beta-carbolines[86]
- Peganum harmala, (Syrian Rue), The seeds contain about 2-6% alkaloids, most of which is harmaline.[93] Peganum harmala is also an abortifacient.
- Peganum nigellastrum, Harmine[94]
- Tribulus terrestris, Harman
- Zygophyllum fabago, Harman, harmine
Plants containing other psychoactive substances
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Salvinorin A, 0.89-3.87 mg/g, also Salvinorin B and Salvinorin C[95] |
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Khat[96] |
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Unknown |
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Unknown |
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Pukateine |
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Thujone |
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Damianin |
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[97] |
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Bulbocapnine, Nantenine, Tetrahydropalmatine |
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Kavalactones |
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Lagochilin is thought to be responsible for the sedative, hypotensive and hemostatic effects of this plant. |
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Anethole, Chavicol, Coumarin, Estragole, Isorhamnetin, Methyleugenol, Quercitin |
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Lactucarium |
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Glaucine |
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Galbulimima belgraveana is rich in alkaloids and twenty-eight alkaloids have been isolated. Himbacine, himbeline, himandravine, himgravine, himbosine, himandridine, himandrine, G.B. 1, G. B. 2, G. B. 3, G. B. 4, G. B. 5, G. B. 6, G. B. 7, G. B. 8, G. B. 9, G. B. 10, G. B. 11, G. B. 12, himgaline, himbadine, G. B. 13, himgrine, G. B. 14, G. B. 15, G. B. 16, G. B. 17 and G. B. 18. |
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Zornia latifolia, is mentioned in Food of the Gods as "an hallucinogenic substitute for cannabis". It's nicknamed Maconha brava because locals use it as a cannabis substitute. |
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Used by Chinese residents of Mexico during the early 20th century as a legal substitute for opium and currently smoked as a marijuana substitute. |
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Argyreia nervosa (Hawaiian Baby Woodrose) |
Seeds contain high amounts of LSA (also known as d-lysergic acid amide, d-lysergamide, ergine, and LA-111), often 50-150X the amounts found in Ipomoea violacea. |
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Ibogaine in root bark[98] |
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Ibogaine in root leaves[98] | |
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Ibogaine and similar alkaloids[98] | |
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Tabernaemontana sp. |
Ibogaine[98] |
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.jpg)
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Ibogaine[99] |
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Recent studies have shown Nymphaea caerulea to have psychedelic properties, and may have been used as a sacrament in ancient Egypt and certain ancient South American cultures. Dosages of 5 to 10 grams of the flowers induces slight stimulation, a shift in thought processes, enhanced visual perception, and mild closed-eye visuals. Nymphaea caerulea is related to, and possesses similar activity as Nelumbo nucifera, the Sacred Lotus. Both Nymphaea caerulea and Nelumbo nucifera contain the alkaloids nuciferine and apomorphine, which have been recently isolated by independent labs.[citation needed]
These psychoactive effects make Nymphaea caerulea a likely candidate (among several) for the lotus plant eaten by the mythical Lotophagi in Homer's Odyssey. Used in aromatherapy, Nymphaea caerulea is purported to have a "divine" essence, bringing euphoria, heightened awareness and tranquility.[citation needed] Other sources cite anti-spasmodic and sedative, purifying and calming properties. |
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Both leaves and flowers (where most concentrated) contain Leonurine. (Effects reminiscent of marijuana) |
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Both leaves and flowers (where most concentrated) contain Leonurine. (Effects reminiscent of marijuana) |
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Produces vivid dreams after smoking. It is also employed by the Chontal people as a medicinal herb against gastrointestinal disorders, and is used as an appetizer, cathartic anti-dysentery remedy, and as a fever-reducing agent. Its psychedelic properties do not become apparent until the user is asleep. |
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Produces vivid dreams after smoking. |
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Seeds contain D-lysergic acid amide, lysergol, and turbicoryn; lysergic acid alkaloids up to 0.03%[101] |
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Apocynaceae family:
- Catharanthus roseus is (perhaps unpleasantly) "hallucinogenic."[102]
- Vinca minor
Aquifoliaceae family:
- Ilex guayusa, which is used as an additive to some versions of Ayahuasca. According to the Ecuadorian indigenous, it is also slightly hallucinogenic on its own, when drunk in high enough quantities.
Euphorbiaceae family:
Loganaceae family:
- Desfontainia spinosa, causes visions[103]
Lythraceae family:
- Heimia myrtifolia, auditory[104]
- Heimia salicifolia, auditory[104]
See also
- Aztec entheogenic complex
- Entheogenic drugs and the archaeological record
- God in a Pill?
- Hallucinogenic fish
- List of entheogenic/hallucinogenic species
- List of plants used for smoking
- List of poisonous plants
- Louisiana State Act 159
- Psilocybin mushrooms
- Psychoactive cacti
References
- ↑ IJ PACHTER, DE ZACHARIAS, O RIBEIRO - The Journal of Organic Chemistry, 1959 -
- ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "sacred" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Nutritive value assessment of the tropical shrub legume Acacia angustissima: anti-nutritional compounds and in vitro digestibility. Personal Authors: McSweeney, C. S., Krause, D. O., Palmer, B., Gough, J., Conlan, L. L., Hegarty, M. P.Author Affiliation: CSIRO Livestock Industries, Long Pocket Laboratories, 120 Meiers Road, Indooroopilly, Qld 4068, Australia. Document Title: Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2005 (Vol. 121) (No. 1/2) 175-190
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Duboisia hopwoodii - Pituri Bush - Solanaceae - Central America
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.7 Index of Rätsch, Christian. Enzyklopädie der psychoaktiven Pflanzen, Botanik, Ethnopharmakologie und Anwendungen, 7. Auflage. AT Verlag, 2004, 941 Seiten. ISBN 3-85502-570-3 at [1] (German)
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ NMR spectral assignments of a new chlorotryptamine alkaloid and its analogues from Acacia confusa Malcolm S. Buchanan, Anthony R. Carroll, David Pass, Ronald J. Quinn Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry Volume 45, Issue 4 , Pages359 - 361. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Naturheilpraxis Fachforum (German)
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ www.bpi.da.gov.ph
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Voogelbreinder, S. "Garden Of Eden" 2009
- ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 32.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "magis" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ extentech.sheetster.com
- ↑ S. Voogelbreinder "Garden Of Eden" 2009
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Plants Containing DMT (German)
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Chemistry of Acacias from South Texas
- ↑ Arbeitsstelle für praktische Biologie (APB)
- ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 42.3 42.4 42.5 UNO
- ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 43.3 43.4 43.5 43.6 43.7 43.8 Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "drduke" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 48.0 48.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 52.0 52.1 52.2 Trout's Notes on Desmodium
- ↑ 53.0 53.1 53.2 53.3 53.4 53.5 53.6 53.7 53.8 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 60.0 60.1 60.2 60.3 60.4 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 61.00 61.01 61.02 61.03 61.04 61.05 61.06 61.07 61.08 61.09 61.10 61.11 61.12 Plants Containing DMT Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "dmt-nexus" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 64.0 64.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Committee for veterinary medicinal products virola sebifera summary report
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 68.0 68.1 68.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 69.0 69.1 69.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Pomegranate (Herbdata New Zealand)
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Amazing Nature
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Trichocereus
- ↑ 78.0 78.1 78.2 78.3 Lycaeum Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "guide" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "guide" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "guide" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 79.0 79.1 79.2 79.3 Forbidden Fruit Archives
- ↑ 80.0 80.1 80.2 80.3 80.4 80.5 80.6 80.7 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "mesc" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Austrocylindropuntia cylindrica <http://www.desert-tropicals.com>
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 83.0 83.1 83.2 Partial List of Alkaloids in Trichocereus Cacti
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 86.00 86.01 86.02 86.03 86.04 86.05 86.06 86.07 86.08 86.09 86.10 86.11 86.12 86.13 86.14 86.15 86.16 86.17 86.18 86.19 86.20 86.21 86.22 86.23 86.24 86.25 86.26 86.27 86.28 86.29 86.30 86.31 86.32 86.33 86.34 86.35 86.36 86.37 86.38 86.39 86.40 86.41 86.42 86.43 86.44 86.45 86.46 86.47 86.48 86.49 86.50 86.51 86.52 86.53 86.54 86.55 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Erowid - Ayahuasca: alkaloids, plants & analogs <http://www.erowid.org/library/books_online/ayahuasca_apa/aya_sec2_malpighiaceoussource.shtml>
- ↑ 92.0 92.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ www.amazing-nature.com
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Rs5rAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT2377&lpg=PT2377&dq=Magnolia+virginiana+psychoactive&source=bl&ots=Fkgv-oyfF7&sig=RQTvcJFvs9M4AbHbkISSNdjB2ns&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjq5NKP8crKAhWM7RQKHaOTBv4Q6AEIPDAD#v=onepage&q=Magnolia%20virginiana%20psychoactive&f=false
- ↑ 98.0 98.1 98.2 98.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Schultes, Richard Evans, Iconography of New World Plant Hallucinogens. p. 101
- ↑ 104.0 104.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Bibliography
- Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
External links
- The Salvia Divinorum Blog Research And Information
- The Salvia Divinorum Mass Distribution Project
- Descriptions of psychoactive Cacti. Lycaeum Visionary Cactus Guide
- "Herbal Highs – Legal Buds Reviews" Components of street drug alternatives sold and used legally.
- Erowid Tryptamine FAQ – More Plants Containing Tryptamines
- John Stephen Glasby, Dictionary of Plants Containing Secondary Metabolites, Published by CRC Press
- Golden Guide to Hallucinogenic Plants
- Hallucinogens on the Internet: A Vast New Source of Underground Drug Information John H. Halpern, M.D. and Harrison G. Pope, Jr., M.D.
- [2] – Peter L. Katavic, Chemical Investigations of the Alkaloids From the Plants Of The Family Elaeocarpaceae, School of Science/Natural Product Discovery (NPD), Faculty of Science, Griffith University
- Alexander T. Shulgin, Psychotomimetic Drugs: Structure-Activity Relationships
- UNODC The plant kingdom and hallucinogens (part II)
- UNODC The plant kingdom and hallucinogens (part III)
- Virola – Dried Herbarium Specimens
- Virola Species Pictures – USGS
- Desmanthus illinoensis – USDA
- A General Introduction to Ayahuasca
- Psychedelic Reader (Google Books)
Categories:
- Pages with reference errors
- Articles with German-language external links
- Articles to be merged from June 2015
- Articles lacking reliable references from March 2016
- Articles with unsourced statements from June 2011
- Pages with broken file links
- Articles with unsourced statements from September 2007
- Articles with unsourced statements from June 2007
- Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007
- Articles with unsourced statements from February 2010
- Poisonous plants
- Entheogens
- Herbal and fungal hallucinogens
- Medicinal plants
- Lists of plants
