The Highway

For other Highways, see Highway (disambiguation).

The Highway

The Highway near the junction of Garnet Street
Former name(s)	Ratcliffe Highway
Length	1.4 mi (2.3 km)
Location	London Borough of Tower Hamlets, UK
West end	Tower Hill
East end	Limehouse
Other
Known for	Ratcliff Highway murders

The Highway, formerly known as the Ratcliffe Highway, is a road in the East End of London.

The route dates back to Roman times. In the 19th century it had a notorious reputation for vice and crime and was the location of the infamous Ratcliff Highway murders. The name 'Ratcliffe' literally means 'red cliff', referring to the red sandstone cliffs which descended from the plateau on which the road was situated down to the Wapping Marshes to the south.

Location

The Highway runs west-east from the eastern edge of London's financial district, the City of London, to Limehouse. It runs parallel to and south of Commercial Road, the Docklands Light Railway and Cable Street. It connects East Smithfield and the Limehouse Link tunnel.

The road forms an unofficial boundary of Wapping, which lies between the River Thames and The Highway. It is also close to Shadwell Basin to the southeast, Tower Hill to the west, and Whitechapel and Stepney to the north.

The Highway is in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, in postal districts E1, E1W and E98. It lies within the parliamentary constituencies of Bethnal Green and Bow and Poplar and Canning Town.

History

The Ratcliffe (sometimes Ratcliff) Highway was probably originally a Roman road, running east from the City of London, London's historic core, along the top of a plateau near the edge of the eponymous 'red cliff' which descended onto the low-lying tidal marshes of Wapping to the south.

In the late 1800s Charles Jamrach, then the world's most renowned dealer in wild animals, opened Jamrach's Animal Emporium on The Highway. The store became the largest pet store in the world as seafarers moored at the Port of London sold any exotic animals they had brought with them to Jamrach, who in turn supplied zoos, menageries and private collectors. At the north entrance to the nearby Tobacco Dock stands a bronze sculpture of a boy standing in front of a tiger, commemorating an incident where a fully-grown Bengal tiger escaped from Jamrach's shop into the street and picked up and carried off a small boy, who had approached and tried to pet the animal having never seen such a big cat before. The boy escaped unhurt after Jamrach gave chase and prised open the animal's jaw with his bare hands. The tale was the inspiration for the 2011 novel Jamrach's Menagerie by British author Carol Birch.

By 1908 Ratcliff Highway had different names for each of its sections. From west to east these ran: St. George's Street East, High Street (Shadwell), Cock Hill, and Broad Street. The whole of the central area of The Highway was named after St. George in the East church and the parish of St. George in the East.

A Roman bath house was excavated in 2004 by the junction of The Highway and Wapping Lane. The discovery of women's jewellery along with soldiers' possessions suggested that this location outside of the Roman walls allowed less restricted use of the baths than those in the City itself. The remains of the baths and under-floor heating system were re-buried (for later archaeologists) under the car-park of a development of new apartments.

Landmarks

Listed from west to east:

• St Katharine Docks
• Wellclose Square
• St. Paul's primary school
• Ensign Club — a local youth club
• News International headquarters
• Telford's Yard — a converted Victorian wool warehouse
• The Caxton pub — displays newspaper history on the walls
• Location of the Ratcliff Highway murders
• Mary Sambrook school
• The Travellers Rest — evangelical church
• The Old Rose pub
• Tobacco Dock — former warehouses for imported tobacco, converted to retail outlets
• St George in the East — a white stone church that has dominated the area since 1729
• St. George's recreation ground
• St. George's swimming pool
• Green Gables Montessori school
• St. Paul's Church, Shadwell — the Church of Sea Captains
• Shadwell Basin — old dock now used for watersports and fishing.
• Glamis Adventure Playground - An example of the London style of Adventure Playgrounds created in the early 1970s
• King Edward Memorial Park
• Limehouse Link tunnel

Transport

Road

The Highway is a major arterial route into and out of the City of London and can become heavily congested during rush hour. There are two lanes in each direction throughout its length. It lies outside of the London congestion charge zone (CCZ).

Bus

There are few bus stops on The Highway, but London Buses routes 100 and D3 pass along short lengths of it. Route 100 connects to Shadwell, Liverpool Street, St. Paul's and Elephant and Castle, while D3 connects to the Isle of Dogs, Limehouse, Shadwell and Bethnal Green.

Rail

The following stations are located on or near The Highway, all in Transport for London's fare zone 2:

• Wapping (East London Line)
• Tower Hill (Circle and District lines)

Docklands Light Railway stations:

• Shadwell
• Limehouse (also a National Rail station)

People

Some names associated with the area include:

• Arthur Morrison (1863-1945), author, wrote about Ratcliff Highway in his novel 'The Hole in the Wall' (1902)
• Sir William Henry Perkin (1838–1907), chemist who discovered mauveine, who was baptised at St. Paul's Church, Shadwell
• Oscar Wilde (1854–1900), visited the opium dens near Dellow Street
• Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (1859–1930), visited the opium dens as research for his detective character Sherlock Holmes.
• Charles Jamrach (1815–1891), importer and dealer of wild and exotic animals who owned a shop on the street.

Blue plaque for Captain James Cook, who lived in the area.

• Captain James Cook (1728–1779), explorer and cartographer, who lived in the area from 1763 to 1765 and baptised some of his children at St. Paul's Church, Shadwell. A blue plaque commemorates him at No. 326, The Highway. (A slate plaque also marks another of his homes at No. 88, Mile End Road.)
• Jane Randolph (1720–1776), mother of Thomas Jefferson, was baptised at St. Paul's Church, Shadwell.
• John Wesley (1703–1791), the famous cleric, who preached at St. Paul's Church, Shadwell.
• Nicholas Hawksmoor (1661–1736), the architect who designed the church of St. George in the East.

The following people inspired some local street names:

• Nathaniel Heckford — a young doctor who founded a local children's hospital.
• Daniel Solander — a Swedish botanist who travelled with James Cook exploring the Pacific islands.
• Emanuel Swedenborg — a Swedish scientist, philosopher and mystic in the Georgian era.

Neighbouring streets

West of The Highway:

• East Smithfield

North of The Highway, from west to east:

• Cable Street — runs parallel to The Highway
• Dock Street
• Ensign Street — formerly Wells Street (1862)
• Hard's Place — a path between Wellclose Square and the south end of Ensign Street
• Grace's Alley — formerly Gracie's Alley, a path between Wellclose Square and the north end of Ensign Street, and home to Wilton's Music Hall
• Wellclose Square
• Swedenbourg Gardens
• Betts Street — formerly connected Cable Street to The Highway
• Crowder Street — formerly Denmark Street
• Cannon Street Road
• Dellow Street
• Solander Gardens
• King David Lane
• Juniper Street — formerly Juniper Row
• Tarbert Walk
• Redcastle Close — formerly Carriage Way
• Glamis Road
• Glamis Place
• Brodlove Lane — formerly Love Lane
• Elf Row — formerly Elm Row
• Glasshouse Fields — formerly Glasshouse Street
• Schoolhouse Lane
• Heckford Street — formerly Burlington Place, a trades wholesaler park
• Ratcliffe Orchard — formerly The Orchard

East of The Highway:

• Butcher Row — formerly White Horse Street
• Narrow Street
• Limehouse Link tunnel

South of The Highway, from west to east:

• Vaughan Way
• Telford's Yard
• Artichoke Hill — the escape route for the Ratcliff Highway murderers
• Chigwell Hill
• Pennington Street
• Wapping Lane — formerly Old Gravel Lane
• Sovereign Close
• Princes Court
• West Gardens
• Rum Close
• Garnet Street — formerly New Gravel Lane
• Newlands Quay — formerly Elbow Lane
• Maynards Quay
• Glamis Road
• Pear Tree Lane — formerly Fox's Lane, now named after The Pear Tree, the inn where the second Ratcliff Highway murders took place
• Shadwell Basin
• Jardine Road
• Rialto Avenue

See also

• Ratcliff Highway murders
• Cable Street
• Fairport Convention: Ratcliff Highway is referred to in their song "The Deserter" on the 1969 LP Liege and Lief.