Recherche Archipelago

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Recherche Archipelago is located in Western Australia
Recherche Archipelago
Recherche Archipelago
Location of the Recherché Archipelago
File:Castletown - Beach 2.jpg
Recherche Archipelago from Castletown Beach in Esperance
File:Recherchearchipelago1.jpg
View of the Recherche Archipelago from Dempster Head
File:Middle Island (Westall collection).jpeg
A drawing from the Westall collection with the title "Middle Island, view north to Cape Arid".
File:Middle Island 1 Recherche Archipelago NR IV-2011.JPG
Middle Island, Recherche Archipelago 2011

Recherche Archipelago is a group of 105 islands, and over 1200 "obstacles to shipping", off the south coast of Western Australia. The islands stretch 230 km (140 mi) from East to West and to 50 km (31 mi) off-shore encompassing an area of approximately 4,000 square kilometres (1,544 sq mi).[1] The western group is near Esperance and the eastern group at Israelite Bay. They are located in coastal and inland waters, part of which is designated the Recherche Archipelago Nature Reserve.

History

File:Recherchearchipelago2.jpg
View of the Recherche Archipelago from Lucky Bay, Cape Le Grand National Park

Pre-European

Indigenous Australians are thought to have inhabited some of the islands up to 18,000 years ago. Archeologists have found ancient artefacts on Salisbury Island such as stone blades, lizard traps, axe heads, grinding stones and granite watering holes. The objects are believed to be 5,000 to 18,000 years old from a time when many of the islands were joined to the mainland.[2]

European discovery and naming

The islands became known to Europeans when François Thijssen and Pieter Nuyts, sailing on Gulden Zeepaert, sighted and explored the area in 1627. George Vancouver also passed through the archipelago as part of his expedition in HMS Discovery in 1791.[3] The area was named the Recherche Archipelago (French: L’Archipel de la Recherche, IPA: [aʁ.ʃi.pɛl də la ʁə.ʃɛʁʃ]) by Bruni d'Entrecasteaux during a French expedition in 1792. This name was taken from one of the rear admiral's ships, La Recherche; the town of Esperance is named from the other ship of the expedition. They also came to be known as the D'Entrecasteaux Islands. Matthew Flinders was the first to explore and chart the islands of the archipelago in 1802 as part of his voyage in the Investigator.[4]

Maritime history

Flinders ditched two anchors when leaving Middle Island in 1803. These were found and recovered in 1973 by divers.[5] The best bower anchor is on display at the South Australian Maritime Museum while the stream anchor can be seen at the National Museum of Australia.[6][7][8]

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Further information: HMS Investigator Anchors

Sealers and whalers from other British colonies on the Australian continent frequented the area since at least the early 1820s.[9]

The brig Belinda was wrecked off Middle Island while sealing in late 1824, the crew all made it safely to shore and were picked up the Nereus shortly afterward and taken back to Sydney. The schooner Liberty salvaged the wreck the following year collecting metal stores and both the anchors.[10]

Australia's only recorded pirate, Black Jack Anderson, frequented the archipelago in the 1830s. A former whaler, he turned to piracy and wreaked havoc in the area until being murdered by his crew.[11] Middle Island was regarded as the right whale station of the bight in the 1830s and 1840s.[9]

The Mountaineer was sunk off Thistle Cove near Cape Le Grand in 1835 while attempting to find shelter from a gale.[12] The Rodondo was thought to be wrecked on Polloch Reef off Salisbury Island in 1895.[12]

The SS Penguin was wrecked in 1920 off Middle Island while trying to shelter from a gale. The vessel was salvaged later the following year.[13]

On 14 February 1991 the Sanko Harvest a bulk carrier of 33,024 tons sank in the archipelago – and it became the second largest wreck that can be dived on in the world.[14][15] The response to pollution caused by the wreck was reported upon soon after.[16]

Uses of the area now include recreational and commercial fishing, and shipping from the Port of Esperance.

Commercial fishing is primarily for abalone, southern rock lobsters, pilchards, and sharks, and fishing tourism is an established industry. The area is proposed for other applications of aquaculture, including farming trials of bluefin tuna.[17]

Geography

The archipelago includes 105 features classed as islands, and more than 1500 islets.[4][18] The islands of the archipelago have a combined area of 9,720 hectares (24,019 acres).[19] The islands are generally composed of granite outcrops, often with steep slopes and usually lacking beaches. A large number of features are submerged, some becoming exposed by tides. The coast is subject to some of the most extreme wave energy in all of Australia, with the wave energy causing abrasion as far down as 100 metres (328 ft) during storms. The inner shelf of the archipelago has an average depth of 40 metres (131 ft) with most of the islands being in 60 metres (197 ft) of water.[20] Middle Island with an area of 1,080 hectares (2,669 acres) is the largest island in the Archipelago.[21]

Groups

The islands are usually considered as being either in the western group, near Esperance and Woody Island and Cape Le Grand National Park, or in the eastern group where Middle Island is most prominent, near Cape Arid National Park.[22] Some surveys of the archipelago go further than the eastern and western distinction and consider groupings around named islands.[23]

Part of the area is included in the bioregion described as Esperance 2 (ESP2), the 'Recherche subregion', which contains Cape Le Grand National Park at its western end, and the Cape Arid National Park at the eastern end. This area is named the Recherche Archipelago Nature Reserve.

Islands

The only island that allows visitors is Woody Island. Tour operator, Dan MacKenzie, was granted permission to land passengers on the island in 1973; the MacKenzie family built the jetty that is still used for visitors to disembark from tourist boats.[24]

Name Location Area Notes
Anvil Island Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. A haul-out site for the Australian sea lion.
Barrier Island Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Composed of gneiss and providing protection for some of the beaches near Cape Arid.[25] Also a haul-out site for the Australian sea lion.
Beaumont Island 34°05′24″S 122°32′20″E Possible breeding site for the Australian sea lion
Bellinger Island 33°53′13″S 123°38′20″E Possible breeding site for the Australian sea lion. The schooner Mary Ann was wrecked in 1876 while anchored under the lee of the island.[26]
Ben Island 33°54′00″S 122°45′13″E Scientific research has been conducted on the island.[27]
Boxer Island 33°59′52″S 121°40′40″E A haul-out site for the Australian sea lion.[28]
Capps Island 33°59′16″S 121°40′55″E A haul-out site for the Australian sea lion.
Canning Island Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. 16 hectares (40 acres) Supports a population of 2000-3000 pairs of the white-faced storm-petrel.
Charley Island Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Supports a small population of the bush rat.[29]
Cooper Island Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. A breeding site for the Australian sea lion and the New Zealand fur seal.[30]
Corbett Island 34°07′01″S 121°58′58″E A haul-out site for the Australian sea lion.
Cranny Island Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. A haul-out site for the Australian sea lion.
Cull Island Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. 68 hectares (168 acres) Supports a population of 30 Cape Barren geese
Daw Island Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. A possible breeding site for the Australian sea lion. The island supports a small population of the bush rat.[29]
Draper Island Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. A haul-out site for the Australian sea lion.
Figure of Eight Island Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. A possible breeding site for the Australian sea lion.
Finger Island Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. A possible breeding site for the Australian sea lion.
Forrest Island Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. [31]
Frederick Island Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. 77 hectares (190 acres) Supports 500-100 pairs flesh-footed shearwater and 5000-8000 pairs white-faced storm-petrel
Glennie Island Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. A possible breeding site for the Australian sea lion.
Gulch Island Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. The granite island is approximately 2 kilometres (1 mi) in length and rises to a height of about 20 metres (66 ft). It is situated about 3 kilometres (2 mi) off-shore from the beaches west of Cape Arid.[25]
Halfway Island Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. A possible breeding site for the Australian sea lion. Locally known as Ford Island.
Hasler Island Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. A haul-out site for the Australian sea lion.
Hastings Island Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. A haul-out site for the Australian sea lion.
Hector Island Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. A haul-out site for the Australian sea lion.
Helby Island Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. A haul-out site for the Australian sea lion.
High North Island Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. A haul-out site for the Australian sea lion.
Hood Island Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. 131 hectares (324 acres) Supports a small population of the bush rat.[29]
Hope Island Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. A haul-out site for the Australian sea lion.
Hugo Island Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. A haul-out site for the Australian sea lion.
Kermadec Island Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Also known locally as Wedge Island, a breeding site for the Australian sea lion.
Little Island Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. A breeding site for the Australian sea lion.
Long Island Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. 138 hectares (341 acres) Supports hundreds of flesh-footed shearwater
Lorraine Island Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. 9 hectares (22 acres) Supports 2000-3000 pairs white-faced storm-petrel
MacKenzie Island Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. 48 hectares (119 acres) A breeding site for the Australian sea lion.
Manicom Island Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. A haul-out site for the Australian sea lion.
Middle Island Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. 1,080 hectares (2,669 acres) There have been historical activities on the island.[32][33]
It is the largest island in the archipelago.[18]
It was named by D'Entrecasteaux.[34] Matthew Flinders visited in January 1802 and climbed the 185 metres (607 ft) peak (subsequently named Flinders Peak) to survey the surrounding islands.[34]
The island contains a pink lake, Lake Hillier, from which John Thistle, the Investigator's master, collected some salt samples.[34]
The pirate, Black Jack Anderson, based himself on this island to launch raids on vessels making their way between Adelaide and Albany. The Belinda was wrecked off Middle Island in 1824, the SS Penguin was wrecked off the island while sheltering from a gale in 1920.[26] The island supports a population of the tammar wallaby and the bush rat.[29] The island is 6.5 kilometres (4 mi) in length and approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) off shore from Cape Arid.[9]
Mondrain Island Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. 810 hectares (2,002 acres) Supports a population of Recherche rock-wallabies, black-flanked rock-wallaby and the bush rat.[29]
The highest point is Baudin Peak. (222 metres (728 ft))
Nares Island Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. 6 hectares (15 acres) Known to have 3-4 pairs of white-faced storm-petrel
New Year Island Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. A haul-out site for the Australian sea lion.
Nook Island Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. A breeding site for the Australian sea lion.
North Twin Peak Island Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Supports a small population of the bush rat.[29]
Observatory Island Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. 101 hectares (250 acres) Captains Bruni d’Entrecasteaux and Huon de Kermandec sheltered on the lee side of this island in 1792 during a wild storm.
While their ships, Le Recherche and L’Esperance, were at anchor, Captain d'Entrecasteaux decided to name the bay after the first ship to enter it – L’Esperance.[35] The island supports a colony of 20-30 pairs little penguins.[29]
Pasley Island Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Also known as Paisley Island, a possible breeding site for the Australian sea lion.
Passage Island Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. A haul-out site for the Australian sea lion.
Pearson Island Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. A haul-out site for the Australian sea lion.
Ram Island Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. 142 hectares (351 acres) Supports a colony of 300-500 pairs flesh-footed shearwater
Red Island Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. A haul-out site for the Australian sea lion.
Remark Island Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. 101 hectares (250 acres) Ten nests of the black-faced cormorant are known on the island
Rocky Island Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. A breeding site for the Australian sea lion.
Rodonia Island Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. A haul-out site for the Australian sea lion.
Round Island Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. A breeding site for the Australian sea lion.
Salisbury Island Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. 320 hectares (791 acres) A breeding ground for the Australian fur seal and the New Zealand fur seal.
Also supports a population of the black-flanked rock-wallaby.[36] the bush rat.[29]
Sandy Hook Island Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. 285 hectares (704 acres) Flesh-footed shearwater common on this island.
Slipper Island Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. A possible breeding site for the Australian sea lion.
Stanley Island Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Also known as Wickham Island, a breeding site for the Australian sea lion.
Tadpole Island Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. A haul-out site for the Australian sea lion.
Taylor Island Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. A breeding site for the Australian sea lion.
Termination Island Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. A possible breeding site for the Australian sea lion.
Tizard Island Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. A haul-out site for the Australian sea lion.
Westall Island Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. 70 hectares (173 acres) Supports a population of the Recherche rock-wallaby and black-flanked rock-wallaby[29]
Wickham Island 34°01′16″S 123°17′23″E
Wilson Island Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. 90 hectares (222 acres) Supports a population of Recherche the rock-wallaby[37] and black-flanked rock-wallaby[29]
Woody Island Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. 188 hectares (465 acres)[29] The only island within the reserve with public access and usage.

Flora and fauna

File:Goose Island & Pink Lake Middle Island Recherche Archipelago NR IV-2011.JPG
Goose Island and Middle Island, Recherche Archipelago 2011
File:Heath goanna Varanus rosenbergii (8294973555).jpg
Rosenburg's Monitor found on the Archipelago
File:Flickr - don macauley - Bird 002.jpg
Haliaeetus leucogaster in flight, Recherche Archipelago, Esperance

The area is a biodiversity hotspot with high biodiversity and a large number of species that are native to the region.[38] The environment contains a diverse array of subtropical and temperate flora and fauna. This is partly due to the Leeuwin current that flows in an easterly direction, this warms the cold seas to over 20 °C (68 °F) in summer.[20] Larger islands have a substrate that supports vegetation, nesting birds, and other animals. A complex marine environment is found in the surrounding waters, the benthic habitat is various densities of seagrass meadows, reefs, or bare sand.

Marine

The waters around the islands meet often steep faces of granite, the extensive reefs and other features form habitat which supports a rich diversity of marine life. This includes 263 known species of fish, 347 known species of mollusc,[38] and over 450 types of sponge, sea grasses, and soft corals. A coral-like algae species, rhodoliths, form beds which support marine species of spiders, snails, and worms, also acting as a creche for scallops.[39] Marine mammals associated with the islands include two species of seal, large groups of common dolphins (Delphinus delphis), and minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata).

Seagrasses found at the island include: Amphibolis antarctica, Amphibolis griffithii, Halophila decipiens, Halophila ovalis, Posidonia angustifolia, Posidonia australis, Posidonia coriacea, Posidonia denhartogii, Posidonia kirkmani, Posidonia ostenfeldii, Posidonia sinuosa, Syringodium isoetifolium, and Thalassodendron pachyrhizum.[40]

Terrestrial

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See also: List of reptiles of the Archipelago of the Recherche

The islands support populations of terrestrial flora and fauna, some of which are unique to the archipelago. New Zealand fur seal (Arctocephalus forsteri) and Australian sea-lion (Neophoca cinerea) breeding colonies are found on some islands, with haul-out sites on many. Marsupials include tammars (Macropus eugenii derbianus), a species of bandicoot (Isoodon obesulus), two subspecies of rock wallabies (Petrogale lateralis lateralis and Petrogale lateralis hacketti). Snakes include the Recherche Island dugite (Pseudonaja affinis tanneri) on Cull Island, and the python Morelia spilota imbricata. Other reptiles include the barking gecko (Underwoodisaurus milii), ornate dragon (Ctenophorus ornatus), and the southern heath monitor (Varanus rosenbergi). Two species of frog are also found on the islands; the quacking frog Crinia georgiana and spotted-thighed frog Litoria cyclorhyncha.:[41]

Many of the animals and plants are in refugia, where they are remote from factors that threaten mainland populations.[18]

Birds

The archipelago has been identified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area (IBA) because it is the only breeding site for the western subspecies of Cape Barren goose known as the Recherche Cape Barren goose. It also supports over 1% of the world populations of flesh-footed shearwaters, sooty oystercatchers, fairy terns and, probably, white-faced storm-petrels. Rock parrots and red-eared firetails have also been recorded.[42]

References

  1. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ Christopher, P. & Cundell, N. (editors), (2004), Let's Go For a Dive, 50 years of the Underwater Explorers Club of SA, published by Peter Christopher, Kent Town, SA, pp.45–49. This describes the search and recovery of the anchors by members of the Underwater Explorers Club of South Australia
  6. ↑ Christopher, P. & Cundell, N. (editors), (2004), Let's Go For a Dive, 50 years of the Underwater Explorers Club of SA, published by Peter Christopher, Kent Town, SA, pp.48
  7. ↑ 'HM Sloop Investigator anchor,' http://maritime.historysa.com.au/collections/exploration/hm-sloop-investigator-anchor, retrieved 16 July 2012.
  8. ↑ Stream anchor from Matthew Flinders' ship the 'Investigator', National Museum of Australia
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ Georgatas, G., "An 18,000-year old history uncovered on WA island", National Indigenous Times, 20 June 2012, p. 14.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ (1994) Wreck has become a massive artificial reef. Second largest vessel in the world that can be dived Landscope, Winter 1994, p. 23-27
  15. ↑ (1995) Government declares 500-metre radius around the wreck a protected area for local marine life and recreational diving Western fisheries, May/June 1995, p.7
  16. ↑ Western Australia. State Committee for Combating Marine Oil Pollution.(1991) Report on pollution response operations at Esperance from the wreck of the "Sanko Harvest" / by the State Committee for Combating Marine Oil Pollution ; R.S. Purkiss, chairman. Fremantle, W.A : Dept of Marine & Harbours, 1991] no. DMH P4/91
  17. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  21. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  22. ↑ Smith, L.A.,R.E. Johnstone and J. Dell.(2005) Vertebrate fauna of the Eastern Group, Recherche Archipelago, Western Australia Western Australian naturalist, Vol.24, no.4 (30 April 2005), p.232-246
  23. ↑ Everall Consulting Biologist.(1999) Benthic habitat survey of the Remark, Mart, Mondrain, Tory and York Island groups in the Recherche Archipelago Perth, W.A. : Fisheries Western Australia, also known as Draft aquaculture plan for the Recherche Archipelago, Western Australia. February 1999
  24. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  27. ↑ Johnstone, R. E.(1988) Ben Island, Recherché Archipelago, Western Australia. Corella, vol.12 no.3 (October 1988), p.89-90
  28. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  29. ↑ 29.00 29.01 29.02 29.03 29.04 29.05 29.06 29.07 29.08 29.09 29.10 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  30. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  31. ↑ Smith, L.A.(1988) Forrest Island, Recherché Archipelago, Western Australia. Corella, vol.12 no.3 (October 1988), p.91-92
  32. ↑ Harvey, Clare.(2001) Archaeologists unravel mysteries of Middle Island. Esperance express, 14 Aug 2001, p.7.
  33. ↑ Bindon, Peter.(1996) Report on a visit to Middle Island Recherche Archipelago, February 1996 Perth, W.A. Anthropology Dept., Western Australian Museum. Community report (Western Australian Museum. Anthropology Dept.) no. 1996/1.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  35. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  36. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  37. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  39. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  40. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  41. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  42. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

Further reading

  • Australian Geographical Society (1952–1954). Expedition to the Recherché Archipelago, Western Australia. Australian Geographical Society reports. no.1 (7 reports in 4 volumes)
    • pt. 1a. General history by J.M. Bechervaise—pt. 1b. Physiography by R.W. Fairbridge and V.N. Serventy—pt. 2. Birds by V.N. Serventy—pt. 3. Plants, 3a. Land flora by J.H. Willis, 3b. Marine algae by H.B.S. Womersley—pt. 4. Mammals by V. N. Serventy—pt. 5. Reptiles and frogs by L. Glauert—pt. 6. Spiders and opiliones by Barbara York Main—pt. 7. Molluscs (sea shells and snails) by J. Hope Macpherson.
  • Kendrick, G. (et al.) (2005) Characterising the fish habitats of the Recherche Archipelago Crawley, W.A. University of Western Australia. Fisheries Research and Development Corporation. ISBN 1-74052-122-6 "Fisheries Research and Development Corporation report, project no. 2001/060."
  • Thomson-Dans, Carolyn, Kendrick, Gary and Bancroft, Kevin (2003) Researching the Recherche.Landscope (Como, W.A), Winter 2003, p. 6–8,

Early cartography

  • Beautemps-Beaupré, C. F. (1807) Carte de l'archipel de la Recherche, situé à la partie occidentale de la terre de Nuyts, reconnu par le contre amiral Bruny-Dentrecasteaux, en décembre 1792 (an 1er de l'ere Française) Paris : Dépôt général des cartes et plans de la marine et des colonies], Battye Library Map Stack B/23/17 Scale [ca. 1:436,000] (Map of Recherche Archipelago showing track of Recherche and Espérance in December 1792). (Battye copy reduced to approximately 1:812,000 and 25 x 38.4 cm)

External links

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