Regional vocabularies of American English

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Regional vocabularies of American English vary. Below is a list of lexical differences in vocabulary that are generally associated with a region. A term featured on a list may or may not be found throughout the region concerned, and may or may not be recognized by speakers outside that region. Some terms appear on more than one list.

Regionalisms

Historically, a number of everyday words and expression used to be characteristic of different dialect areas of the United States, especially the North, the Midland, and the South; many of these terms spread from their area of origin and came to be used throughout the nation. Today many people use these different words for the same object interchangeably, or to distinguish between variations of an object. Such traditional lexical variables include:[notes 1]

  • faucet (North) and spigot (South);[2]
  • frying pan (North and South, but not Midland), spider (New England; obsolete),[3] and skillet (Midland, Gulf States);
  • clapboard (chiefly Northeast) and weatherboard (Midland and South);[4]
  • gutter (Northeast, South, West), eaves trough (in-land North, West), and rainspouting (chiefly Maryland and Pennsylvania);
  • pit (North) and seed (elsewhere);
  • teeter-totter (widespread),[2] seesaw (South and Midland), and dandle (Rhode Island);
  • firefly (less frequent South and Midland) and lightning bug (less frequent North);
  • pail (North, north Midland) and bucket (Midland and South).

However many differences still hold and mark boundaries between different dialect areas, as shown below. From 2000-2005, for instance, The Dialect Survey queried North American English speakers' usage of a variety of linguistic items, including vocabulary items that vary by region.[5] These include:

  • generic term for a sweetened carbonated beverage
  • drink made with milk and ice cream
  • long sandwich that contains cold cuts, lettuce, and so on
  • rubber-soled shoes worn in gym class, for athletic activities, etc.

Below are lists outlining regional vocabularies in the main dialect areas of the United States.

The North

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  • braht or brat - bratwurst[1]
  • breezeway (widespread) - a hallway connecting two buildings[1]
  • bubbler (esp. New England, Wisconsin and the Mississippi and Ohio river valleys) - a water fountain[1]
  • clout (originally Chicago, now widespread) - political influence[1]
  • davenport (widespread) - a sofa, or couch[1]
  • euchre (throughout the North) - card game similar to spades[1]
  • fridge (throughout North and West) - refrigerator[1]
  • hotdish (esp. Minnesota) - a simple entree cooked in a single dish, related to casserole[6]
  • paczki (in Polish settlement areas, esp. Illinois, Michigan, Ohio and Wisconsin) - a jelly doughnut[1]
  • pop (widespread in North and West) - a soft drink, carbonated soda[1]
  • sack (Southern Ohio) - a bag at a grocery store[citation needed]
  • soda (parts of Wisconsin) - soft drink[7]
  • toboggan (South Eastern Ohio and Central Kentucky) - a ski cap[citation needed]
  • Yooper (Michigan) - people who reside in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan[8]

Northeast

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  • brook - creek. Mainly New England, now widespread but especially common in the Northeast[1]
  • cellar - alternate term for basement[9]
  • sneaker - although found throughout the U.S., appears to be concentrated in the Northeast. Elsewhere (except for parts of Florida) tennis shoe is more common.[10]
  • soda - a soft drink[7]
  • Mischief Night (or, rarely, Cabbage Night) - night when, by custom, preteens and teenagers play pranks; usually, the night before Halloween[1]

New England

Eastern New England

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  • bulkhead - cellar hatchway[1]
  • Cabinet (Rhode Island) - milk shake[1]
  • frappe - milkshake[1]
  • hosey - (esp. parts of Massachusetts & Maine) to stake a claim or choose sides, to claim ownership of something (sometimes, the front seat of a car)[1]
  • intervale - bottomland; mostly historical[1]
  • jimmies - sprinkles (ice cream topping)[1]
  • johnnycake (also Rhode Island jonnycake) – a type of cornmeal bread[1]
  • leaf peeper - a tourist who has come to see the area's vibrant autumn foliage[1]
  • necessary - outhouse, privy[1]
  • quahog - pronounced "koe-hog," it properly refers to a specific species of clam but is also applied to any clam[1]
  • tonic (eastern Massachusetts) - soft drink[1]

Northern New England

  • ayuh - "yes" or affirmative[1]
  • creemee - (Vermont) soft serve ice cream [11]
  • dooryard - area around the main entry door of a house, specifically a farmhouse. Typically including the driveway and parking area proximal to the house[1]
  • Italian (sandwich) - (Maine) submarine sandwich[1]
  • logan (also pokelogan) - a shallow, swampy lake or pond (from Algonquian)[1]
  • muckle - to grasp, hold-fast, or tear into[1]
  • mud season - early spring [12][13]

The Mid-Atlantic

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New York City Area

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The Midland

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  • barn-burner (now widespread) - an exciting, often high-scoring game, esp. a basketball game[1]
  • dinner (widespread) - the evening meal; the largest meal of the day, whether eaten at mid-day or in the evening[1]
  • hoosier (esp. Indiana) - someone from Indiana; (outside of Indiana, esp. in the St. Louis, Missouri area) a person from a rural area, comparable to redneck[2]
  • mango - green bell pepper, sometimes also various chili peppers[1]
  • outer road - a frontage road or other service road[1]
  • pop - a soft drink (except in a large area centered on St. Louis, Missouri, where soda predominates)[7]

The South

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  • alligator pear - avocado[1]
  • banquette (southern Louisiana) - sidewalk, foot-path[1]
  • billfold (widespread, but infrequent Northeast, Pacific Northwest) - a man's wallet[1]
  • cap (also Midlands) - sir (prob. from "captain")[1]
  • chill bumps (also Midlands) - goose bumps[1]
  • chuck - toss or throw an object[2]
  • coke - any brand of soft drink[7]
  • commode (also Midlands) - bathroom; restroom; particularly the toilet itself[1]
  • crocus sack (Atlantic), croker sack (Gulf) - burlap bag[1]
  • cut on/off - to turn on/off[1]
  • directly - in a minute; soon; presently[1]
  • dirty rice (esp. Louisiana) - Cajun rice dish consisting of rice, spices, and meat[1]
  • fais-dodo (southern Louisiana) - a party[1]
  • fix - to get ready, to be on the verge of doing; (widespread but esp. South) to prepare food[1]
  • house shoes - bedroom slippers[1]
  • lagniappe (Gulf, esp. Louisiana) - a little bit of something extra[1]
  • locker (esp. Louisiana) - closet[1]
  • make (age) (Gulf, esp. Louisiana) - have a birthday; "He's making 16 tomorrow."[1]
  • neutral ground (Louisiana, Mississippi) - median strip[1]
  • po' boy (scattered, but esp. South) - a long sandwich, typically made with fried oysters, clams, or shrimp[1]
  • put up - put away, put back in its place[1]
  • yankee - northerner; also damn yankee, damned yankee[1]
  • yonder (esp. rural) - over there, or a long distance away; also over yonder[16]

The West

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  • barrow pit (esp. Rocky Mountains) – a ditch to conduct water off a surface road[1]
  • davenport (widespread) - couch or sofa[1]
  • Hella (esp. Bay Area) - Contraction of "hell of a" or "hell of a lot of".[17]
  • pop (widespread in West and North) - carbonated beverages; soda predominates in California, Arizona, southern Nevada,[7] while coke denotes any carbonated beverage in New Mexico.
  • snowmachine (Alaska) – a motor vehicle for travel over snow. Outside Alaska known as a snowmobile[18]

Pacific Northwest

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  • Skid road or Skid row - a path made of logs or timbers along which logs are pulled; (widespread) a run-down, impoverished urban area[1][18]

See also

Notes

  1. Examples in this section are from the Dictionary of American Regional English (2002), except where otherwise noted.[1]

References

  1. 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.31 1.32 1.33 1.34 1.35 1.36 1.37 1.38 1.39 1.40 1.41 1.42 1.43 1.44 1.45 1.46 1.47 1.48 1.49 1.50 1.51 1.52 1.53 1.54 1.55 1.56 1.57 1.58 1.59 1.60 1.61 1.62 1.63 1.64 1.65 1.66 1.67 1.68 1.69 1.70 1.71 1.72 Cassidy, Frederic Gomes, and Joan Houston Hall (eds). (2002) Dictionary of American Regional English. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Metcalf, Alan A. (2000) How we talk: American regional English today. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
  3. Allen, Harold Byron, and Gary N. Underwood (eds). (1971) Readings in American Dialectology. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
  4. Wood, Gordon Reid. (1971) Vocabulary change: a study of variation in regional words in eight of the Southern States. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press.
  5. Vaux, Bert, Scott A. Golder, Rebecca Starr, and Britt Bolen. (2000-2005) The Dialect Suvey. Survey and maps.
  6. Mohr, Howard. (1987) How to Talk Minnesotan: A Visitor's Guide. New York: Penguin.
  7. 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Campbell, Matthew T. (2003) Generic names for soft drinks by county. Map.
  8. Binder, David. (14 September 1995). "Upper Peninsula Journal: Yes, They're Yoopers, and Proud of it." New York Times, section A, page 16.
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  16. Wolfram, Walt, and Natalie Schilling-Estes. (2006) American English: dialects and variation second edition. New York: Wiley-Blackwell.
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  18. 18.0 18.1 Oxford English Dictionary Second Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989.

External links