Rising Star Cave

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Rising Star Cave
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Location in Gauteng
Location Near Krugersdorp in the Greater Johannesburg metropolitan area of Gauteng province, South Africa
Coordinates Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

The Rising Star cave system (also known as Westminster or Empire cave) is located in the Malmani dolomites, in Bloubank River valley, about 800 meters (0.50 miles; 2,600 feet) southwest of Swartkrans, part of the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site in South Africa.[1][2] Recreational caving occurred there in the 1960s.[2] Fossils found (starting in 2013) in the cave were, in 2015, proposed to represent an extinct species of hominin named Homo naledi.[1]

Names

In the 1980s, the names "Empire", "Westminster", and "Rising Star" were used interchangeably.[3]

Dinaledi Chamber ("chamber of stars")[4] was so named by members of the Rising Star Expedition in 2013.[citation needed]

A portion of the cave is called Superman's Crawl because most people can fit through only by holding one arm tightly against the body and extending the other above the head, in the manner of Superman in flight.[2]

History

Geologists think the cave in which the fossils were discovered is no older than three million years.[5]

The cave was explored in the 1980s by the South African Speleological Association (SASA).[3]

Discovery of fossils in "Dinaledi Chamber"

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Cross-section of a portion of the Rising Star cave system leading to the Dinaledi Chamber
Illustration of the Dinaledi Chamber, where H. naledi bones were excavated

On 13 September 2013 while exploring the Rising Star cave system, explorers Rick Hunter and Steven Tucker of the Speleological Exploration Club of South Africa found a narrow, vertically oriented "chimney" or "chute" measuring 12 m (39 ft) long with an average width of 20 cm (7.9 in).[2][6][7][8] Then Hunter discovered a room 30 m (98 ft) underground (Site U.W. 101, the Dinaledi Chamber), the surface of which was littered with fossil bones. On 1 October photos of the site were shown to Pedro Boshoff and then to Lee Berger.[7][9]

The arrangement of bones suggested "someone had already been there" as recently as a few decades earlier, and the appearance of limited fossilisation initially led the explorers to think the bones were from modern humans.[2]

2013 and 2014 excavations

On 1 October 2013, paleoanthropologist Lee Berger was notified of the find and he headed an expedition to excavate the fossils, which started on 7 November 2013.[9] The expedition was funded by the South African National Research Foundation and the National Geographic Society.[10][11]

The excavation team enlisted six paleoanthropologists, all of whom happened to be female, who could pass through an opening only 7 inches (18 cm) wide to access the Dinaledi Chamber.[9][12][13] Those chosen were Hannah Morris, Marina Elliott, Becca Peixotto, Alia Gurtov, Lindsay Eaves, and Elen Feuerriegel.[14] They have since been nicknamed the Underground Astronauts.[15]

The cave system was explored by paleontologists of the "Rising Star Expedition" of University of the Witwatersrand in 2013 and was assigned the designation UW-101. It came to public attention in October 2013 when the discovery of hominin fossils in a separate chamber, dubbed the Dinaledi chamber, or "chamber of stars", was announced.[4] More than 1,200 fossil elements were recovered and catalogued in November 2013,[16] representing at least a dozen individuals.[17] Only 20 out of 206 bones in the human body were not found in the cave as of summer in 2014.[18] By April 2014, between two localities, 1754 specimens were recovered.[19]

The layered distribution of the bones [in clay-rich sediments] suggests that they had been deposited over a long time, perhaps centuries.[2] Only one square meter of the cave chamber has been excavated; other remains might still be there.[10][20][21]

On 20 February 2014, a second site was found in the cave complex.[22] The site, designated UW-102, was found by cavers Rick Hunter and Steve Tucker on the last day of the first Rising Star Expedition and evaluated in February 2014 by Rick Hunter, Lee Berger, John Hawks, Alia Gurtov, and Pedro Boshoff.

As of September 2015, fossils of at least fifteen individuals, amounting to 1550 specimens, had been excavated from the cave.[2] About 300 bone fragments were collected from the surface of the Dinaledi Chamber, and about 1250 fossil specimens were recovered from the chamber's excavation pit.[6] The fossils include skulls, jaws, ribs, teeth, bones of an almost complete foot, of a hand, and of an inner ear. The bones of both old and young individuals, as well as infants, were found.[2]

The 15 partial skeletons, which were found in a small underground chamber, invite speculation on the circumstances of their location. Anthropologist John D. Hawks, from the University of Wisconsin-Madison, who was a member of the team, stated that the scientific facts are that all the bones recovered are hominid, except for those of one owl; there are no signs of predation, and there is no predator that accumulates only hominids this way; the bones did not accumulate there all at once. There is no evidence of rocks or sediment having dropped into the cave from any opening in the surface; no evidence of water flowing into the cave carrying the bones into the cave.[6][23][24] Hawks concluded that the best hypothesis is that the bodies were deliberately placed in the cave after death, by other members of the species.[25] Berger et al. suggest that "these individuals were capable of ritual behaviour". They speculate the placing of dead bodies in the cave was a ritualistic behaviour, a sign of symbolic thought.[26] "Ritual" here means an intentional and repeated practice (disposing of dead bodies in the cave), and not implying any type of religious ritual.[5] This hypothesis is not widely accepted and has been criticised for its improbability.[27] [28]

No figures have been released on the dating of the fossil remains, as of 2015.[1][29] The team plans to date calcite deposits in the cave to establish the age of the remains.[30]

A collaborative workshop took place in May and June 2014 at Wits University,[2][30][30] On 10 September 2015, the fossils were publicly unveiled and given the name Homo naledi.[1][6]

Geology

The Rising Star cave system lies in the Bloubank River valley, 2.2 km west of Sterkfontein cave. It comprises an area of 250 × 150 m of mapped passageways situated in the core of a gently west dipping (17°) open fold, and it is stratigraphically bound to a 15–20 m thick, stromatolitic dolomite horizon in the lower parts of the Monte Christo Formation. This dolomite horizon is largely chert-free, but contains five thin (<10 cm) chert marker horizons that have been used to evaluate the relative position of chambers within the system (Figure 2B). The upper contact is marked by a 1–1.3 m-thick, capping chert unit that forms the roof of several large cave chambers.[6] The altitude above sea level is 1450 m for the Dinaledi Chamber's floor.[31]

Description

The fossil-bearing chamber, named the Dinaledi Chamber, is ∼30 m below the surface and ∼80 m, in a straight line, away from the present, nearest entrance to the cave.[6] Access into the Dinaledi Chamber involves an exposed, ∼15 m climb from the bottom of a large ante-chamber (the Dragon's Back Chamber). From the top of the Dragon's Back, the Dinaledi Chamber is accessed via a narrow, northeast-oriented vertical fissure, and involves a ∼12 m vertical climb down ∼25–50 cm wide at its narrowest and ∼10 m long, and expands in width near the intersections with cross-cutting passages.[6]

The Dragon's Back Chamber can currently be accessed in two ways, both involving steep climbs along narrow fractures and tight passages: route 1, along an east-northeast trending passage that follows a fracture for a horizontal distance of ∼50 m past a narrow access point called the ‘postbox’; and route 2, along a more complicated set of broadly east-trending passages, via a network of southeast, east, and north trending fractures for ∼120 m, and past a narrow access point called ‘superman crawl’. Route 1 is the most direct and contains abundant sediment accumulations once the deeper part of the cave is accessed (i.e., ∼20 m into the cave).[6]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Sesotho dinaledi is a class 10 plural noun built on the class 9 noun naledi "star" (Bukantswe v.3 dictionary).
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
    Full list of authors
    • Paul HGM Dirks
    • Lee R Berger
    • Eric M Roberts
    • Jan D Kramers
    • John Hawks
    • Patrick S Randolph-Quinney
    • Marina Elliott
    • Charles M Musiba
    • Steven E Churchill
    • Darryl J de Ruiter
    • Peter Schmid
    • Lucinda R Backwell
    • Georgy A Belyanin
    • Pedro Boshoff
    • K Lindsay Hunter
    • Elen M Feuerriegel
    • Alia Gurtov
    • James du G Harrison
    • Rick Hunter
    • Ashley Kruger
    • Hannah Morris
    • Tebogo V Makhubela
    • Becca Peixotto
    • Steven Tucker
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  21. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  22. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  24. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  25. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  26. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  27. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  28. ↑ http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/debate-erupts-over-strange-new-human-species/
  29. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  31. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

External links

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