Royal Yugoslav Army

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Royal Yugoslav Army
Jugoslavenska vojska
Југословенска војска
Active 1918–1941
Country Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, Kingdom of Yugoslavia
Branch Land forces
Type Army
Engagements Austro-Slovene conflict in Carinthia
World War II
Invasion of Yugoslavia
Commanders
Notable
commanders		 Živojin Mišić, Petar Bojović, Milorad Petrović, Dušan Simović, Danilo Kalafatović

The Royal Yugoslav Army (Serbo-Croatian: Jugoslavenska vojska, Југословенска војска) was the armed force of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and later the Kingdom of Yugoslavia from the state's formation until the force's surrender to the Axis powers on April 17, 1941. The Royal Yugoslav Army was formally disbanded on 7 March 1945 when the government of King Petar II was abolished.[1]

Shortly before the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia, the army staged a coup against the Serbian Yugoslav monarchy on March 26.

Beyond the problems of inadequate equipment and incomplete mobilization, the Royal Yugoslav Army suffered badly from the Serbo-Croat schism in Yugoslav politics. "Yugoslav" resistance to the invasion collapsed overnight. The main reason was that neither of the subordinate national groups (Slovenes and Croats) were prepared to fight in defence of a Serbian Yugoslavia. The only effective opposition to the invasion was from wholly Serbian units within the borders of Serbia itself.[2] In its worst expression, Yugoslavia's defenses were badly compromised on April 10, 1941, when some of the units in the Croatian-manned 4th and 7th Armies mutinied, and a newly formed Croatian government hailed the entry of the Germans into Zagreb the same day.[3] The Serbian General Staff were united on the question of Yugoslavia as a "Greater Serbia", ruled, in one way or another, by Serbia.

On the eve of the invasion, there were 167 Generals on the Yugoslav active list. Of these, 150 were Serbs, 8 Croats, and 9 Slovenes.[4]

April 1941 Campaign

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Main article: Invasion of Yugoslavia

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See also: Yugoslav order of battle for the invasion of Yugoslavia
File:Yugoslavia 1941.gif
Invasion of April 1941

Formed after World War I, the Royal Yugoslav Army was still largely equipped with weapons and material from that era, although some modernization with Czech equipment and vehicles had begun. Of about 4,000 artillery pieces, many were aged and horse-drawn, but about 1,700 were relatively modern, including 812 Czech 37mm and 47mm anti-tank guns. There were also about 2,300 mortars, including 1600 modern 81mm pieces, as well as twenty four 220 and 305mm pieces. Of 940 anti-aircraft guns, 360 were 15 and 20mm Czech and Italian models. All of these arms were imported, from different sources, which meant that the various models often lacked proper repair and maintenance facilities.

The only mechanized units were 6 motorized infantry battalions in the 3 cavalry divisions, 6 motorized artillery regiments, two tank battalions equipped with 110 tanks, one of which had Renault FT models of WW 1 origin and the other 54 modern French Renault R35 tanks, plus an independent tank company with 8 Czech SI-D tank destroyers. Some 1,000 trucks for military purposes had been imported from the United States of America in the months just preceding the invasion.[5]

Fully mobilized, the Royal Yugoslav Army could have put 28 infantry divisions, 3 cavalry divisions, and 35 independent regiments in the field. Of the independent regiments, 16 were in frontier fortifications and 19 were organized as combined regiments, or "Odred", around the size of a reinforced brigade. Each Odred had one to three infantry regiments and one to three artillery battalions, with three organised as "alpine" units. The German attack, however, caught the army still mobilizing, and only some 11 divisions were in their planned defense positions at the start of the invasion. The units were filled to between 70 and 90 percent of their strength as mobilization was not completed. The strength of the Royal Yugoslav Army was about 1,200,000 as the German invasion got underway.[6]

The Royal Yugoslav Army was organized into three army groups and the coastal defense troops. The 3rd Army Group was the strongest with the 3rd, 3rd Territorial, 5th and 6th Armies defending the borders with Romania, Bulgaria and Albania. The 2nd Army Group with the 1st and 2nd Armies, defended the region between the Iron Gates and the Drava River. The 1st Army Group with the 4th and 7th Armies, composed mainly of Croatian troops, was in Croatia and Slovenia defending the Italian, German (Austrian) and Hungarian frontiers.[5][7]

The strength of each "Army" amounted to little more than a corps, with the 3 Army Groups consisting of the units deployed as follows; The 3rd Army Group's 3rd Army consisted of 4 infantry divisions and one cavalry odred; the 3rd Territorial Army with 3 infantry divisions and one independent motorized artillery regiment; the 5th Army with 4 infantry divisions, 1 cavalry division, 2 odred and one independent motorized artillery regiment and the 6th Army with 3 infantry divisions, the 2 Royal Guards brigades (odred) and 3 infantry odred. The 2nd Army Group's 1st Army had 1 infantry and 1 cavalry divisions, 3 odred and 6 frontier defence regiments; the 2nd Army had 3 infantry divisions and 1 frontier defence regiment. Finally, the 1st Army Group consisted of the 4th Army, with 3 infantry divisions and one odred, whilst the 7th Army had 2 infantry divisions, 1 cavalry division, 3 mountain odred, 2 infantry odred and 9 frontier defence regiments. The Strategic, "Supreme Command" Reserve in Bosnia comprised 4 infantry divisions, 4 independent infantry regiments, 1 tank battalion, 2 motorized engineer battalions, 2 motorized heavy artillery regiments, 15 independent artillery battalions and 2 independent anti-aircraft artillery battalions. The Coastal Defence Force, on the Adriatic opposite Zadar comprised 1 infantry division and 2 odred, in addition to fortress brigades and anti-aircraft units at Šibenik and Kotor.[8]

Along with other Yugoslav forces, the Royal Yugoslav Army surrendered on 17 April 1941 to an invading force of Germans, Italians, and Hungarians. Subsequently, a unit titled "1st Battalion, Royal Yugoslav Guards" was formed in Alexandria, Egypt. This unit saw action in north Africa with the 4th Indian Division but was later disbanded in Italy in 1944 as its strength dwindled and the unit was plagued by infighting between royalist and pro-Josip Broz Tito factions.[9] During 1943–44, 27 men made up the "No. 7 (Yugoslav) Troop" of the 10th (Inter-Allied) Commando, a special forces unit under British command. All Royal Yugoslav Forces were formally disbanded on March 7, 1945 when King Petar II's government was abolished in Yugoslavia.

Exercise of engineering units, Royal Yugoslav Army in 1940 over river Sava.
Officer's uniform Royal Yugoslav Army
Renault R35 tanks during training maneuvers at Torlak, 1940

Flags

  • Flag of rank of Marshal of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.svg

    Standard of the rank of Voivoda (Field Marshal).[10][11]

  • Standard of Army General of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.svg

    Standard of the rank of Army General.[12]

  • Standard of Division General of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.svg

    Standard of the rank of Division General.[12]

  • Standard of Brigade General of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.svg

    Standard of the rank of Brigade General.[12]

Operational experience

See also

References

  1. ↑ Thomas, p. 34
  2. ↑ Shaw, 1973, p.92
  3. ↑ Times Atlas, p.54
  4. ↑ Bjelajac, p. 353
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Tomasevich, 1975, p. 59.
  6. ↑ Fatutta, et al., 1975.
  7. ↑ Geschichte, pp. 317–318
  8. ↑ Fatutta, et al., 1975. p.52.
  9. ↑ Thomas, pp. 34–35
  10. ↑ Bjelajac, p. 15
  11. ↑ Flag of Voivoda
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Bjelajac, p. 14
  • Fatutta, F. and Covelli, L. 1941: Attack on Yugoslavia in The International Magazine of Armies & Weapons, Year IV – Nos. 15 and 17, January and May 1975, Lugano, Switzerland.
  • Geschichte des Zweiten Weltkrieges Vol. 3, A. A. Gretschko, Berlin: Militärverlag der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik, 1977.
  • Shaw, L., Trial by Slander: A background to the Independent State of Croatia, Harp Books, Canberra, 1973. ISBN 978-0-909432-00-3
  • The Times Atlas of the Second World War, John Keegan (ed.), New York: Harper and Row, 1989.
  • Thomas, Nigel. Foreign Volunteers of the Allied Forces 1939–45. London: Osprey, 1991. ISBN 1-85532-136-X.
  • Tomasevich, Jozo. War and Revolution in Yugoslavia 1941–1945: The Chetniks. Stanford, Cal., London, Oxford University Press, 1975.
  • Bjelajac, Mile. Generals and admirals of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia 1918–1941. Institute for Recent History of Serbia, Belgrade, 2004. ISBN 86-7005-039-0.
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