Ruderal species

A single-species ruderal community of Dittrichia viscosa on gravel near to Petah Tikva–Sgula railway station, Israel. (Compare with mixed-species image below.)

A ruderal species is a plant species that is first to colonize disturbed lands. The disturbance may be natural – for example, wildfires or avalanches – or a consequence of human activity, such as construction (of roads, of buildings, mining, etc.) or agriculture (abandoned fields, irrigation, etc.).

The word ruderal comes from the Latin rudus rubble.

Ruderal species typically dominate the disturbed area for a few years, gradually losing the competition to other native species. However, in extreme disturbance circumstances, such as when the natural topsoil is covered with a foreign substance, a single-species ruderal community may become permanently established, as depicted in the image on the right. In addition, some ruderal invasive species may have such a competitive advantage over the native species that they, too, may permanently prevent a disturbed area from returning to its original state despite natural topsoil.

Features

Features contributing to a species' success as ruderal are:

• Massive seed production.
• Seedlings whose nutritional requirements are modest.
• Fast-growing roots.
• Independence of mycorrhizae.
• Polyploidy

Quantification

Ecologists have proposed various scales for quantifying ruderality, which can be defined as the "ability to thrive where there is disturbance through partial or total destruction of plant biomass" (Grime, Hodgson & Hunt, 1988). The ruderality scale of Grime presents values that are readily available, and it takes into account disturbance factors as well as other indicators such as the annual or perennial character of the plants.

See also

A mixed-species ruderal community on the side of Israel's road 40, north of the Yarkon River, where topsoil was left after the road-building activity.

• Edge effect
• Hemeroby
• Restoration ecology
• Pioneer species
• Supertramp (ecology)
• Examples of ruderal species:
  • Conyza bonariensis (family Asteraceae)
  • Dittrichia viscosa (Asteraceae)
  • Nicotiana glauca (Solanaceae)

External links

• St. John TV. 1987. SOIL DISTURBANCE AND THE MINERAL NUTRITION OF NATIVE PLANTS in Proceedings of the 2nd Native Plant Revegetation Symposium
• Chapin. FS. III. 1980. The mineral nutrition of wild plants. Ann. Rev. Ecol. System, 11:233-260.
• Ruderal in the 1911 Britannica
• Media related to at Wikimedia Commons