RT (TV network)

From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core
(Redirected from Russia Today)
Jump to: navigation, search

<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>

"Russia Today" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Rossiya Segodnya or Russian Federation Today.

<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>

"ANO TV-Novosti" redirects here. It is not to be confused with RIA Novosti.

<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>

"RTTV" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Russian Television International.

<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>

For other uses, see RT.
RT
Owned by ANO "TV-Novosti"[1]
Slogan Question More
Country Russia
Language News channel:
English, French, Arabic & Spanish
Documentary channel:
English, French, Russian
Online platforms:
German[2]
Headquarters Moscow, Russia
Website www.rt.com
File:Russia-Today-Logo.svg
RT's first logo from 2005 to 2009

RT (formerly Russia Today) is a Russian state-controlled[6] international television network funded by the federal tax budget of the Russian government.[7][8] It operates pay television channels directed to audiences outside of Russia, as well as providing Internet content in English, Spanish, French, German, Arabic, and Russian.

RT is a brand of TV-Novosti, an "autonomous non-profit organization" founded by the Russian state-owned news agency RIA Novosti in April 2005.[9][10] During the economic crisis in December 2008, the Russian government, headed by Prime Minister Vladimir Putin, included ANO "TV-Novosti" on its list of core organizations of strategic importance to Russia.[11][12][13] RT operates as a multilingual service with channels in five languages: the original English-language channel was launched in 2005, the Arabic-language channel in 2007, Spanish in 2009, German in 2014 and French in 2017. RT America (since 2010),[14] RT UK (since 2014) and other regional channels also produce local content. RT is the parent company of the Ruptly video agency,[15][16][17] which owns the Redfish video channel and the Maffick digital media company.[18][19]

RT has been described as a major propaganda outlet for the Russian government and its foreign policy.[33] Academics, fact-checkers, and news reporters (including some current and former RT reporters) have identified RT as a purveyor of disinformation[41] and conspiracy theories.[47] UK media regulator Ofcom has repeatedly found RT to have breached its rules on impartiality, including multiple instances in which RT broadcast "materially misleading" content.[54] RT's editor-in-chief Margarita Simonyan compared the channel to the Ministry of Defence and stated that it was "waging an information war, and with the entire Western world".[8][55] In September 2017, RT America was ordered to register as a "foreign agent" with the United States Department of Justice under the Foreign Agents Registration Act.[56] RT has been banned in Ukraine since 2014,[57] and in Latvia[58] and Lithuania[59] since 2020.

History

Foundation

RT's formation was part of a public relations effort by the Russian Government in 2005 to improve Russia's image abroad.[60] RT was conceived by former media minister Mikhail Lesin[61] and Aleksei Gromov, [62] press spokesperson of Russian president Vladimir Putin. At the time of RT's founding, RIA Novosti director Svetlana Mironyuk stated: "Unfortunately, at the level of mass consciousness in the West, Russia is associated with three words: communism, snow and poverty", and added "we would like to present a more complete picture of life in our country".[61] RT is registered as an autonomous nonprofit organization[1][63] funded by the federal budget of Russia through the Federal Agency on Press and Mass Communications of the Russian Federation.[64]

In 2005, RIA Novosti helped establish ANO TV-Novosti (or "Autonomous Non-profit Organization TV-News") to serve as the parent organization for the planned channel. ANO TV-Novosti was registered on 6 April 2005[9] and Sergey Frolov was appointed its CEO.[65]

Former Russian President Dmitry Medvedev visits RT offices with Editor-in-Chief Margarita Simonyan

The channel was launched as Russia Today on 10 December 2005. At its launch, the channel employed 300 journalists, including approximately 70 from outside Russia.[60] Russia Today appointed Margarita Simonyan as its editor-in-chief; she recruited foreign journalists as presenters and consultants.[61] Simonyan stated that the channel's intent was to have a "professional format" akin to the BBC and Euronews that would "reflect Russia's opinion of the world" and present a "more balanced picture" of Russia.[66]

Simonyan, only 25 years old at the time of her hiring by the channel, was a former Kremlin pool reporter who had worked in journalism since she was 18. She told The New York Times that after the fall of the Soviet Union, many new young journalists were hired, resulting in a much younger pool of staffers than other news organizations.[67] Journalist Danny Schechter (who has appeared as a guest on RT)[68] stated that, having been part of the launch staff at CNN, he saw RT as another "channel of young people who are inexperienced, but very enthusiastic about what they are doing".[69] Shortly after the channel was launched, James Painter wrote that RT and similar news channels such as France 24 and TeleSUR saw themselves as "counter-hegemonic", offering a differing vision and news content from that of Western media like CNN and the BBC.[70]

Development and expansion

Dmitry Medvedev took part in the launch of RT Documentary
Vladimir Putin during a visit to the new RT broadcasting centre

RT launched several new channels in ensuing years: the Arabic language channel Rusiya Al-Yaum in 2007, the Spanish language channel RT Actualidad in 2009, RT America – which focuses on the United States – in 2010, and the RT Documentary channel in 2011.[14]

In August 2007, Russia Today became the first television channel to report live from the North Pole (with the report lasting five minutes and 41 seconds). An RT crew participated in the Arktika 2007 Russian polar expedition, led by Artur Chilingarov on the Akademik Fyodorov icebreaker.[71][72] On 31 December 2007, RT's broadcasts of New Year's Eve celebrations in Moscow and Saint Petersburg were broadcast in the hours prior to the New Year's Eve event at New York City's Times Square.[72]

Russia Today drew particular attention worldwide for its coverage of the 2008 South Ossetia war.[72][73][74] RT named Georgia as the aggressor[74] against the separatist governments of South Ossetia and Abkhazia, which were protected by Russian troops.[75] RT saw this as the incident that showcased its newsgathering abilities to the world.[27] Margarita Simonyan stated: "we were the only ones among the English-language media who were giving the other side of the story – the South Ossetian side of the story".[73]

In 2009, Russia Today was rebranded to "RT", which George Washington University academics Jack Nassetta and Kimberly Gross described as an "[attempt] to shed state affiliation".[35] Simonyan said the company had not changed names but the company's corporate logo was changed to attract more viewers: "who is interested in watching news from Russia all day long?"[14]

In early 2010, RT unveiled a highly controversial advertising campaign called "Question More", which was created for the channel by Britain-based McCann Erickson.[29] One of the advertisements featured as part of the campaign showed U.S. President Barack Obama morphing into Iranian leader Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and asked: "Who poses the greatest nuclear threat?" The ad was banned in American airports. Another showed a Western soldier "merging" with a Taliban fighter and asked: "Is terror only inflicted by terrorists?"[76] One of RT's 2010 billboard advertisements won the British Awards for National Newspaper Advertising "Ad of the Month".[77]

RT is one of several international channels to challenge the U.S. media's global news coverage.[78] In 2010, Walter Isaacson, Chairman of the U.S. Government's Broadcasting Board of Governors, which runs Voice of America, Radio Free Europe and Radio Free Asia, called for more money to invest in the programs because "We can't allow ourselves to be out-communicated by our enemies", specifically mentioning Russia Today, Iran's Press TV and China's China Central Television (CCTV) in the following sentence. He later explained that he actually was referring to "enemies" in Afghanistan, not the countries he mentioned.[79] In 2011, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton stated that the U.S. was "losing the information war" abroad to foreign channels like RT, Al Jazeera and China Central Television[80] and that they were supplanting the Voice of America.[81][82]

Since 2012

In early 2012, shortly after his appointment as U.S. Ambassador to Russia, Michael McFaul challenged Margarita Simonyan[83] on Twitter about allegations from RT[84] that he had sent Russian opposition figure Alexei Navalny to study at Yale University.[83][84] According to RT, McFaul was referring to a comment in an article by political scientist Igor Panarin, which RT had specified were the views of the author.[85][86] McFaul then accepted an interview by Sophie Shevardnadze on RT on this and other issues and reasserted that the Obama administration wanted a "reset" in relations with Russia.[87][88]

On 17 April 2012, RT debuted World Tomorrow, a news interview programme hosted by WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange. The first guest on the program was Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah.[89][90][91] The interview made global headlines as Nasrallah rarely gives interviews to Western media.[92] Commentators described this as a "coup".[93][94] WikiLeaks described the show as "a series of in-depth conversations with key political players, thinkers and revolutionaries from around the world".[95] It stated that the show is "independently produced and Assange has control"; WikiLeaks offers a "Broadcasters license, only".[96]

Assange said that RT allowed his guests to discuss things that they "could not say on a mainstream TV network".[97] Assange's production company made the show and Assange had full editorial control. Assange said that, if Wikileaks had published large amounts of compromising data on Russia, his relationship with RT might not have been so comfortable.[92] In August of that year, RT suffered a denial of service attack. Some people linked the attack to RT's connection with Assange, and others to an impending court verdict related to Pussy Riot.[98]

On 23 October 2012, RT, along with Al Jazeera and C-SPAN, broadcast the Free and Equal Elections Foundation third-party debate among four third-party candidates for President of the United States.[99][100] On 5 November, RT broadcast the two candidates that were voted winners of that debate, Libertarian Party candidate Governor Gary Johnson and Green Party candidate Jill Stein, from RT's Washington, D.C. studio.[101][102][103]

In May 2013, RT announced that former CNN host Larry King would host a new talk show on RT. King said in an advertisement on RT: "I would rather ask questions to people in positions of power, instead of speaking on their behalf."[104][105] As part of the deal, King would also bring his Hulu series Larry King Now to RT. On 13 June 2013, RT aired a preview telecast of King's new Thursday evening program Politicking, with the episode discussing Edward Snowden's leaking of the PRISM surveillance program.[106]

Russian President Vladimir Putin 2013 visit to RT's new broadcasting centre and interview with RT correspondents

Vladimir Putin visited the new RT broadcasting centre in June 2013 and stated: "When we designed this project back in 2005 we intended introducing another strong player on the international scene, a player that wouldn't just provide an unbiased coverage of the events in Russia but also try, let me stress, I mean – try to break the Anglo-Saxon monopoly on the global information streams. ... We wanted to bring an absolutely independent news channel to the news arena. Certainly the channel is funded by the government, so it cannot help but reflect the Russian government's official position on the events in our country and in the rest of the world one way or another. But I’d like to underline again that we never intended this channel, RT, as any kind of apologetics for the Russian political line, whether domestic or foreign."[107][7]

In early October 2014, RT announced the launch of a dedicated news channel, RT UK, aimed at British audiences. The new channel began operating on 30 October 2014.[108]

In 2018, some of the RT staff started a new media project, Redfish.media, that positioned itself as "grassroots journalism".[109][18] The website was criticized by activist Musa Okwonga for deceptively interviewing him and then distributing it across RT channels while hiding its real affiliation.[110] Another similar RT project is In the NOW, started in 2018.[111] On 15 February 2019, Facebook temporarily blocked the In the NOW page, saying that even though it does not require pages to disclose who funds them, it had suspended the page so viewers would not "be misled about who’s behind them". Anissa Naouai, CEO of Maffick, which published the page, described the blocking as "unprecedented discrimination", and said that Facebook did not ask other channels to declare their parent company and financial affiliations. As of February 2019, a majority of Maffick stock was controlled by Ruptly, an RT subsidiary, with Naouai owning the remaining 49%. Facebook unblocked the page on 25 February 2019; Naouai said the company had agreed to do so once the page was updated to feature information on In the NOW 's funding and management. She added that this requirement has been applied to no other Facebook page. In the NOW also has an active channel on YouTube and regularly posts videos from Soapbox, a Maffick-owned channel.[112][113][19][114]

In February 2021, Matt Field from the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists reported that RT had created an account on Gab, a social network known for its far-right userbase, right before the start of former U.S. President Donald Trump's second impeachment trial.[115] Field noted that RT had posted several articles on its Gab account, including one criticizing The Lincoln Project, an organization run by anti-Trump Republicans.[115]

According to a 2021 study, viewers exposed to RT became more likely "to support America withdrawing from its role as a cooperative global leader by 10–20 percentage points. This effect is robust across measures, obtains across party lines, and persists even when we disclose that RT is financed by the Russian government. RT has no effect on Americans’ views of domestic politics or the Russian government."[116]

In his 2021 book on authoritarian tactics used to construct a positive image of authoritarian regimes, Michael Dukalskis writes that "RT generally does not extoll Russia’s virtues directly and instead focuses on presenting a negative picture of the United States and "the West." It presents Russia as a "global underdog" to the United States and fosters conspiracy theories about the latter and criticizes US influence abroad."[45]

Organization

State-owned RIA Novosti news agency, which founded RT in 2005, is one of the largest in Russia. Its former chairperson was Svetlana Mironyuk, who modernised the agency after being appointed in 2003.[117][118][119] RIA Novosti stated that it helped establish RT, but is "neither a sponsor nor a backer of Russia Today".[14] Mikhail Seslavinsky, in charge of the Federal Agency on Press and Mass Communications of the Russian Federation, asserted in 2005 that "Russia Today will come as an independent company".[120] Under Russian law, RT is an independent organisation.[63]

In 2007, RT established offices in the same building as RIA Novosti, after the Russian Union of Journalists was forced to vacate them.[121] In 2012, Anna Kachkayeva, Dean of Media Communications at Moscow's Higher School of Economics, stated that the two organizations "share the same roof" because they are located in the same building, but in "funding, editorial policy, management and staff, they are two independent organisations whose daily operations are not interconnected in any way".[63] In 2008, Simonyan noted that more than 50 young RT journalists had gone on to take positions in large Western media outlets.[72] By 2010, RT's staff had grown to 2,000.[14]

RT studios building in Moscow in 2013

In December 2012, RT moved its production studios and headquarters to a new facility in Moscow. The move coincided with RT's upgrade of all of its English-language news programming to high-definition.[122][123][124]

In 2013, a presidential decree issued by Vladimir Putin dissolved RIA Novosti, replacing it with a new information agency called Rossiya Segodnya (directly translated as Russia Today).[125] According to a report on the RT website, the new agency would "not be in any way related" to the RT news channel despite the similarity to RT's original name.[125] On 31 December 2013, Margarita Simonyan, editor-in-chief of the RT news channel, was also appointed editor-in-chief of the new news agency while maintaining her duties for the television network.[126]

RT cooperates with a number of media sources in Russia and abroad, including private media like Izvestia, Kommersant, Trud, Nezavisimaya Gazeta, Vedomosti, Argumenty i Fakty and the non-Russian Association for International Broadcasting, Huffington Post and News.com.au.[2][127]

Budget

When it was established in 2005, ANO TV-Novosti invested $30 million in start-up costs to establish RT,[128] with a budget of $30 million for its first year of operation. Half of the network's budget came from the Russian government; the other half came from pro-Kremlin commercial banks at the government's request.[70] Its annual budget increased from approximately $80 million in 2007 to $380 million in 2011, but was reduced to $300 million in 2012.[129][2][130] President Putin prohibited the reduction of funding for RT on 30 October 2012.[131]

About 80 percent of RT's costs are incurred outside Russia, paying partner networks around $260 million for the distribution of its channels in 2014.[24][132] In 2014, RT received 11.87 billion rubles ($310 million) in government funding and was expected to receive 15.38 billion rubles ($400 million) in 2015.[133] (For comparison, the bigger BBC World Service Group had a $376 million budget in 2014–15.[134]) At the start of 2015, as the ruble's value plummeted and a ten percent reduction in media subsidies was imposed, it was thought that RT's budget for the year would fall to about $236 million.[24][132] Instead, government funding was increased to 20.8 billion rubles (around $300 million) in September.[135] In 2015, RT was expected to receive 19 billion rubles ($307 million) from the Russian government the following year.[136]

Network

According to RT, the network's feed is carried by 22 satellites and over 230 operators, providing a distribution reach to about 700 million households in more than 100 countries,[137] and that RT America is available to 85 million households throughout the United States.[138]

In addition to its main English language channel RT International, RT UK and RT America, RT also runs Arabic-language channel Rusiya Al-Yaum, Spanish language] channel Actualidad RT, as well as the RTDoc documentary channel. RT maintains 21 bureaus in 16 countries, including those in Washington, D.C., New York City; London, England; Paris, France; Delhi, India; Cairo, Egypt and Baghdad, Iraq. It employs over 2,000 media professionals worldwide.[2]

Channel Description Language Launched
RT International The flagship news channel of the RT network, it covers international and regional news from a Russian perspective. It also includes commentary and documentary programs. Based in Moscow with a presence in Washington, New York, London, Paris, Delhi, Cairo and Baghdad and other cities.[2] English 2005
RT Arabic Based in Moscow and broadcast 24/7. Programmes include news, feature programming and documentaries.[139] Arabic 2007
RT Spanish Based in Moscow with bureaus in Miami, Los Angeles, Havana and Buenos Aires. Covers headline news, politics, sports and broadcast specials.[140] Spanish 2009
RT America RT America is based in RT's Washington, D.C. bureau, it includes programs hosted by American journalists. The channel maintains a separate schedule of programs each weekday from 4:00 p.m. to 12:00 a.m. Eastern Time, and simulcasts RT International at all other times. RT America was compelled to register as a foreign agent with the United States Department of Justice National Security Division under the Foreign Agents Registration Act.[141] English 2010
RT UK RT UK is based in RT's London bureau at Millbank Tower. Includes programs hosted by British journalists. The channel offers five hours of programming per day, Monday to Thursday UK News at 6 pm, 7pm, 8pm, 9pm and 10 pm and simulcasts RT International at all other times. On Fridays there is No 10 pm UK News bulletin.[142] English 2014
RT Documentary A 24-hour documentary channel. The bulk of its programming consists of RT-produced documentaries related to Russia.[143] English, Russian 2011

The sharp decline in the ruble at the end of 2014 forced RT to postpone German- and French-language channels.[134]

In addition to news agency Ruptly, RT also operates the following websites: RT на русском (in Russian),[144] RT en français (French),[145] RT Deutsch (German).[146]

In 2015, RT's YouTube news channels were: RT (the main channel), RT America, RT Arabic, RT en Español, RT Deutsch, RT French, RT UK, RT на русском and the newly launched RT Chinese.[24] The German service (RT Deutsch) was removed from YouTube in September 2021 for breaking the websites rules on COVID misinformation.[147]

In September 2012, RT signed a contract with Israeli-based RRSat to distribute high-definition feeds of the channel in the United States, Latin America and Asia.[148] In October 2012, RT's Rusiya Al-Yaum and RT joined the high-definition network Al Yah Satellite Communications ("YahLive").[149] On 12 July 2014, during his visit to Argentina, Putin announced that Actualidad RT would broadcast free-to-air in the country, the first foreign television channel to do so there.[150][151] According to Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Argentina's State Media Authorities decided to suspend RT on 11 June 2016, along with Venezuelan television channel TeleSur, which had both been authorized by the previous left-leaning government of Cristina Kirchner. Officially, Argentina wanted to devote RT's frequency to domestic broadcasts.[152] RT was made available on the dominant Australian subscription television platform Foxtel on 17 February 2015.[153]

Ratings

Reliable figures for RT's worldwide audience are not available.[135] In the United States, RT typically pays cable and satellite services to carry its channel in subscriber packages.[154] In 2011, RT was the second most-watched foreign news channel in the United States (after BBC World News),[155] and the number one foreign network in five major U.S. urban areas in 2012.[156] It also rated well among younger Americans under 35 and in inner city areas.[156]

In the UK, the Broadcasters' Audience Research Board (BARB) has included RT in the viewer data it publishes since 2012.[135] According to their data, approximately 2.5 million Britons watched RT during the third quarter of 2012, making it the third most-watched rolling news channel in Britain, behind BBC News and Sky News (not including Sky Sports News).[122][157][158] RT was soon overtaken by Al Jazeera English,[159] and viewing figures dropped to about 2.1 million by the end of 2013.[160] For comparison, it had marginally fewer viewers than S4C, the state-funded Welsh language broadcaster,[161] or minor channels such as Zing, Viva and Rishtey.[162] According to internal documents submitted for Kremlin review, RT's viewership amounted to less than 0.1 percent of Europe's television audience, except in Britain, where 2013 viewership was estimated at approximately 120,000 persons per day.[154] According to the leaked documents, RT was ranked 175th out of 278 channels in Great Britain in May 2013, or fifth out of eight cable news channels.[154] In August 2015, RT's average weekly viewing figure had fallen to around 450,000 (0.8 percent of the total UK audience), 100,000 fewer than in June 2012 and less than half that of Al Jazeera English.[135][163] In March 2016, the monthly viewing was figure 0.04%.[164]

Latin America is the second most significant area of influence for internet RT (rt.com). In 2013, RT ascended to the ranks of the 100 most watched websites in seven Latin American countries.[165]

A Pew Research survey of the most popular news videos on YouTube in 2011–12 found RT to be the top source with 8.5 percent of posts, 68 percent of which consisted of first-person video accounts of dramatic worldwide events, likely acquired by the network rather than created by it.[166][167] In 2013, RT became the first television news channel to reach 1 billion views on YouTube.[28] In 2014, its main (English) channel was reported have 1.4 million subscribers.[168]

In 2015, The Daily Beast reported that RT hugely exaggerated its global viewership and that its most-watched segments were on apolitical subjects.[169] Between 2013 and 2015, over 80% of RT's viewership was for videos of accidents, crime, disasters, and natural phenomena, such as the 2013 Chelyabinsk meteor event, with less than 1% of viewership for political videos.[154] In late 2015, all of the 20 most-watched videos on its main channel, totaling 300 million views, were described as "disaster/novelty". Of the top 100, only a small number could be categorized as political, with only one covering Ukraine.[135] The most popular video of Russian president Putin shows him singing "Blueberry Hill" at a 2010 St. Petersburg charity event.[154] In 2017, The Washington Post analysed RT's popularity and concluded that "it’s not very good at its job" as "Moscow’s propaganda arm" due to its relative unpopularity.[170] RT has disputed both The Daily Beast and The Washington Post assessments, saying their analyses used outdated viewership data.[171][172]

A study by Professor Robert Orttung at George Washington University stated that RT uses human interest stories without ideological content to attract viewers to its channels. Between January and May 2015, the Russian-language channel had the most viewers, with approximately double the number of the main channel, despite only having around one-third the number of subscribers.[24]

Programming

In 2008, Heidi Brown wrote in Forbes that "the Kremlin is using charm, good photography and a healthy dose of sex appeal to appeal to a diverse, skeptical audience. The result is entertaining – and ineffably Russian." She added that Russia Today has managed to "get foreigners to at least consider the Russian viewpoint – however eccentric it may be..."[173] Matt Field in Bulletin of Atomic Scientists described RT as "applying high-quality graphics and production values to its stories", often focusing "on polarizing issues that aren’t necessarily top-of-mind for viewers" and sometimes "strikingly at odds with Russian President Vladimir Putin’s own views".[174]

According to Tim Dowling, writing in the Guardian, "Fringe opinion takes center stage" on RT. "Reporting is routinely bolstered by testimony from experts you have never heard of, representing institutions you have never heard of."[175]

The Alyona Show

The Alyona Show, hosted by Alyona Minkovski, ran from 2009 to 2012 (when Minkovski left RT to join The Huffington Post). Daily Beast writer Tracy Quan described The Alyona Show as "one of RT's most popular vehicles".[176] The New Republic columnist Jesse Zwick wrote that one journalist told him that Minkovski is "probably the best interviewer on cable news".[177] Benjamin R. Freed wrote in the avant-garde culture magazine SOMA that "The Alyona Show does political talk with razor-sharp wit."[178] David Weigel called the show "an in-house attempt at a newsy cult hit" and noted that "her meatiest segments were about government spying, and the Federal Reserve, and America's undeclared wars".[74] Minkovski had complained about being characterized as if she was "Putin's girl in Washington" or as being "anti-American".[178] After Minkovski argued that Glenn Beck was "not on the side of America. And the fact that my channel is more honest with the American people is something you should be ashamed of", Columbia Journalism Review writer Julia Ioffe asked: "since when does Russia Today defend the policies of any American president? Or the informational needs of the American public, for that matter?"[27]

Adam vs. the Man

From April to August 2011, RT ran a half-hour primetime show Adam vs. the Man,[179][180][181] hosted by former Iraq War Marine veteran and high-profile anti-war activist Adam Kokesh. David Weigel writes that Kokesh defended RT's "propaganda" function, saying "We're putting out the truth that no one else wants to say. I mean, if you want to put it in the worst possible abstract, it's the Russian government, which is a competing protection racket against the other governments of the world, going against the United States and calling them on their bullshit."[74]

World Tomorrow

Reviewing the first episode of Julian Assange's show World Tomorrow, The Independent noted that Assange, who was under house arrest, was "largely deferential" in asking some questions of Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah, who himself was in hiding. However, he also asked tough questions such as why Nasrallah had not supported Arab revolts against Syrian leaders, when he had supported them in Tunisia, Yemen, Egypt, and other countries.[92] The New York Times journalist Allesandra Stanley wrote that "practically speaking, Mr. Assange is in bed with the Kremlin, but on Tuesday's show he didn't put out" and that he "behaved surprisingly like a standard network interviewer".[89] Douglas Lucas in Salon wrote that the RT deal "may just be a profitable way for him to get a gigantic retweet".[96] Glenn Greenwald, who has been a guest on RT,[182] wrote that RT presenting the Julian Assange show led to "a predictable wave of snide, smug attacks from American media figures".[183]

"Breaking the Set" (2012–2015) presenter and correspondent Abby Martin

Other shows

Marcin Maczka writes that RT's ample financing has allowed RT to attract experienced journalists and use the latest technology.[129] RT anchors and correspondents tend to concentrate on controversial world issues such as the financial and banking scandals, corporate impact on the global economy, and western demonstrations. It has also aired views by various conspiracy theorists, including neo-Nazis, White Supremacists, and Holocaust deniers (presented as "human rights activists").[184] News from Russia is of secondary importance and such reports emphasize Russian modernisation and economic achievements, as well as Russian culture and natural landscapes, while downplaying Russia's social problems or corruption.[67][129]

#1917LIVE

File:Russian-telegraph-logo.jpg
Russian Telegraph logo

In 2017, RT ran a mock live tweeting program under the hashtag "#1917LIVE" to mark the 100th anniversary of the Russian Revolution.[185]

The #1917Live project had multimedia social plug-ins, such as Periscope live streaming, as well as virtual reality panoramic videos.[186]

Programs

RT's feature programs include (with presenters parenthesised):[187][188]

Current

<templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/>

Former

<templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/>

On-air staff

RT's current on-air staff includes 25 people from RT News, 25 from RT America, and 8 from RT UK.[190] Notable members of RT's current and former staff include:

Guests

Russian President Vladimir Putin RT interview, 6 September 2012

According to Jesse Zwick, RT persuades "legitimate experts and journalists" to appear as guests by allowing them to speak at length on issues ignored by larger news outlets. It frequently interviews progressive and libertarian academics, intellectuals and writers from organisations like The Nation, Reason, Human Events, Center for American Progress[177] and the Cato Institute[74] who are critical of United States foreign and civil liberties policies.[177] RT also features little-known commentators including anarchists, anti-globalists and left-wing activists.[129] Journalist Danny Schechter holds that a primary reason for RT's success in the United States is that RT is "a force for diversity" which gives voice to people "who rarely get heard in current mainstream US media".[69]

Notable guests have included think tank intellectuals like Jared Bernstein,[74] John Feffer and Lawrence Korb; journalists and writers Jacob Sullum, Pepe Escobar,[177] and Brian Doherty,[191] and heads of state, including Ecuador's Rafael Correa,[191] and Syria's Bashar al-Assad.[192] Nigel Farage, the leader of UK Independence Party from 2010 to 2016, appeared on RT eighteen times from 2010 to 2014.[161][193]

The Economist magazine noted that RT's programming, while sometimes interesting and unobjectionable, and sometimes "hard-edged", also presents "wild conspiracy theories" that can be regarded as "kooky".[194] In 2010, journalist and blogger Julia Ioffe described RT as being "provocative just for the sake of being provocative" in its choice of guests and issue topics, featuring a Russian historian who predicted that the United States would soon be dissolved, showing speeches by Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez, reporting on homelessness in America, and interviewing the chairman of the New Black Panther Party. She wrote that in attempting to offer "an alternate point of view, it is forced to talk to marginal, offensive, and often irrelevant figures".[27][194] A 2010 Southern Poverty Law Center report stated that RT extensively covered the "birther" and the "New World Order" conspiracy theories and interviewed militia organizer Jim Stachowiak and white nationalist Jared Taylor.[184] An Al Jazeera English article stated that RT has a penchant "for off-beat stories and conspiracy theories".[195]

The news channel has also been criticized for its lack of objectivity in its coverage of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.[196] Miko Peled, the Israeli peace activist who has called the peace process "a process of apartheid & colonization" is a frequent guest on RT.

RT Editor-in-Chief Margarita Simonyan told Nikolaus von Twickel of The Moscow Times that RT started to grow once it became provocative and that controversy was vital to the channel. She said that RT's task was not to polish Moscow's reputation.[14]

Manuel Ochsenreiter, a neo-Nazi, has repeatedly appeared on RT to represent the German point of view.[197] RT News has also frequently hosted Richard B. Spencer, an American white supremacist airing his opinions in support of Syrian president Bashar al-Assad,[198] and has hosted Holocaust denier Ryan Dawson, presenting him as a human rights activist.[199]

Steve Bannon has stated that he has appeared on RT "probably 100 times or more".[200]

Assessments and responses

File:ODNI Statement on Declassified Intelligence Community Assessment of Russian Activities and Intentions in Recent U.S. Elections.pdf
ODNI Statement on Declassified Intelligence Community Assessment of Russian Activities and Intentions in Recent U.S. Elections

Propaganda claims and related issues

Watchdogs and NGOs

Pascal Bonnamour, the head of the European department of Reporters Without Borders, called the newly announced network "another step of the state to control information".[201]

For much of 2015, graduate students at Columbia School of Journalism took part in the RT Watch project, monitoring RT's (US) output. Casey Michel, who worked on the project, wrote "RT ignores the inherent traits of journalism—checking sources, relaying facts, attempting honest reportage" and "you’ll find 'experts' lacking in expertise, conspiracy theories without backing, and, from time to time, outright fabrication for the sake of pushing a pro-Kremlin line".[202][203] The results were compiled in a Tumblr blog.[204]

Commentators

According to Adam Johnson in The Nation magazine, "While Russia Today toes the Kremlin’s line on foreign policy, it also provides an outlet to marginalized issues and voices stateside. RT, for example, has covered the recent prison strikes—the largest in American history—twice. So far CNN, MSNBC, NPR, and Rutenberg’s employer, The New York Times, haven’t covered them at all. RT aggressively covered Occupy Wall Street early on while the rest of corporate US media were marginalizing from afar (for this effort, RT was nominated for an Emmy Award)."[205]

In a 2005 interview with U.S. government-owned external broadcaster Voice of America, Russian-Israeli blogger Anton Nosik said the creation of RT "smacks of Soviet-style propaganda campaigns".[206]

In 2009, Luke Harding (then Moscow correspondent for The Guardian) described RT's advertising campaign in the United Kingdom as an "ambitious attempt to create a new post-Soviet global propaganda empire".[29]

RT presents itself as a liberal alternative in the United States, but in Europe appears to have become the flagship of resurgent nationalist parties.[207]

In Russia, Andrey Illarionov, former advisor to Vladimir Putin, has called the channel "the best Russian propaganda machine targeted at the outside world".[67][129] Media analyst Vasily Gatov wrote in a 2014 Moscow Times article that sharp ethical and reporting skills are not required for Russian media employees, including RT.[208]

States

 European Union – Sanctions against Dmitry Kiselyov, the head of Russia's state-controlled Rossiya Segodnya and RT television presenter, have been in place since the 2014 invasion and annexation of Ukraine's Crimea. The EU Council cites Kiselyov to be a "central figure of the government propaganda supporting the deployment of Russian forces in Ukraine". Russian state-owned media outlets are not banned and continue to be available in the EU, with the exception of Latvia and Lithuania.[209][210][211]

 Latvia – At the end of June 2020, after new amendments to the Law on Electronic Media were made, seven RT channels were banned in Latvia for being under the control of Dmitry Kiselyov who had been sanctioned by the European Union since 2014. Chairperson of the National Electronic Mass Media Council Ivars Āboliņš said they will be asking all EU state regulators to follow their example and restrict RT in their territory.[212][58] Kiselyov called the decision "an indicator of the level of stupidity and ignorance of the Latvian authorities, blinded by Russophobia".[213]

 Lithuania – Linas Antanas Linkevičius, Lithuania's Minister of Foreign Affairs, posted on Twitter on 9 March 2014 amid the Crimean crisis, "Russia Today propaganda machine is no less destructive than military marching in Crimea".[214][215] It was banned by the Radio and Television Commission of Lithuania on 8 July 2020.[59] The decision of both Latvian and Lithuanian authorities was criticised by Reporters Without Borders as "misuse of the EU sanctions policy".[216]

 Ukraine – RT has been banned in Ukraine since August 2014, following the invasion and annexation of Ukrainian territory.[57]

 United States – The US Department of Justice compelled RT to file paperwork under the Foreign Agents Registration Act in the United States in September 2017.[217] Previously, the United States Secretary of State John Kerry had referred to RT as a state-sponsored "propaganda bullhorn" and he continued by saying, "Russia Today [sic] network has deployed to promote president Putin's fantasy about what is playing out on the ground. They almost spend full-time devoted to this effort, to propagandize, and to distort what is happening or not happening in Ukraine."[218] RT responded that they wanted "an official response from the U.S. Department of State substantiating Mr. Kerry's claims".[219] Richard Stengel from the U.S. Department of State responded.[220] Stengel stated in his response, "RT is a distortion machine, not a news organization", concluding that "the network and its editors should not pretend that RT is anything other than another player in Russia's global disinformation campaign against the people of Ukraine and their supporters". However, Stengel supports RT's right to broadcast in the United States.[221]

Political involvement

In April 2017, during his successful run for President of France, Emmanuel Macron's campaign team banned both RT and the Sputnik news agency from campaign events. A Macron spokesperson said the two outlets showed a "systematic desire to issue fake news and false information".[222] Macron later said during a press conference that RT and Sputnik were "agencies of influence and propaganda, lying propaganda—no more, no less".[223] RT editor-in-chief Margarita Simonyan characterized Macron's remarks on RT as an attack on freedom of speech.[224]

In October 2017, Twitter banned both RT and Sputnik from advertising on their social networking service amid accusations of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections, sparking an angry response from the Russian foreign ministry.[225] Twitter in August 2020 began to identify RT, along with other Russian and Chinese media outlets, as "state-affiliated media" in a prominent place at the top of their accounts on the social media platform.[226][227]

In November 2017, Alphabet chairman Eric Schmidt announced that Google will be "deranking" stories from RT and Sputnik in response to allegations about election meddling by President Putin's government, provoking an accusation of censorship from both outlets.[228]

In March 2018, John McDonnell, the Shadow Chancellor of the British Labour Party, advised fellow Labour MPs to boycott RT and said he would no longer appear on the channel. He said: "We tried to be fair with them and as long as they abide by journalistic standards that are objective that's fine but it looks as if they have gone beyond that line". A party representative said: "We are keeping the issue under review".[229]

In July 2019, the UK Foreign Office banned both RT and Sputnik from attending the Global Conference for Media Freedom in London for "their active role in spreading disinformation". The Russian Embassy called the decision "direct politically motivated discrimination", while RT responded in a statement: "It takes a particular brand of hypocrisy to advocate for freedom of press while banning inconvenient voices and slandering alternative media."[230]

RT has been deprecated by the Wikipedia community as a source of information.[231]

Treatment of Putin and Medvedev

A 2007 article in The Christian Science Monitor stated that RT reported on the good job Putin was doing in the world and next to nothing on things like the conflict in Chechnya or the murder of government critics.[232] According to a 2010 report by The Independent, RT journalists have said that coverage of sensitive issues in Russia is allowed, but direct criticism of Vladimir Putin or President Dmitry Medvedev was not.[69] Masha Karp wrote in Standpoint magazine that contemporary Russian issues "such as the suppression of free speech and peaceful demonstrations, or the economic inefficiency and corrupt judiciary, are either ignored or their significance played down".[233] In 2008, Stephen Heyman wrote in The New York Times that in RT's Russia, "corruption is not quite a scourge but a symptom of a developing economy".[67] Speaking after the launch of RT America, Garry Kasparov said "Russia Today is an extension of the methods and approach of the state-controlled media inside Russia, applied in a bid to influence the American cable audience".[30]

Anti-Americanism and anti-Westernism

File:George Floyd protests and memorial in Iran (8).jpg
RT reporter covering the George Floyd protests in Iran in June 2020

The New Republic writer James Kirchick accused the network of "often virulent anti-Americanism, worshipful portrayal of Russian leaders".[234] Edward Lucas wrote in The Economist (quoted in Al Jazeera English) that the core of RT was "anti-Westernism".[195] Julia Ioffe wrote: "Often, it seemed that Russia Today was just a way to stick it to the U.S. from behind the façade of legitimate newsgathering."[27] Shaun Walker wrote in The Independent that RT "has made a name for itself as a strident critic of US policy".[235] Allesandra Stanley wrote in The New York Times that RT is "like the Voice of America, only with more money and a zesty anti-American slant".[89] David Weigel writes that RT goes further than merely creating distrust of the United States government, to saying, in effect: "You can trust the Russians more than you can trust those bastards."[74]

Russian studies professor Stephen F. Cohen stated in 2012 that RT does a lot of stories that "reflect badly" on the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and much of Western Europe and that they are "particularly aggrieved by American sermonizing abroad". Citing that RT compares stories about Russia allowing mass protests of the 2011–2012 Russian election protests with those of U.S. authorities nationwide arresting members of the Occupy movement. Cohen states that despite the pro-Kremlin slant, "any intelligent viewer can sort this out. I doubt that many idiots find their way to RT".[177]

According to Lithuania's STRATCOM Colonel, "RT rarely takes a single, anti-Western media line on any given story. That would be too obvious. Instead, RT journalists present gaggles of competing and contradicting narratives which together create the impression that the truth is indecipherable".[236]

John Feffer, co-director of Foreign Policy in Focus says he appears on RT as well as the U.S.-funded Voice of America and Radio Free Asia, commented "I’ve been given the opportunity to talk about military expenditures in a way I haven’t been given in U.S. outlets". On the fairness issue, he said: "You're going to find blind spots in the coverage for any news organization".[177]

RT America has described journalists as "Russiagate conspiracy theorists" for covering Special Counsel Robert Mueller's report on Russian interference in the 2016 election.[237]

Airing conspiracy theories

A 2013 article in Der Spiegel said that RT "uses a chaotic mixture of conspiracy theories and crude propaganda", pointing to a program that "mutated" the Boston Marathon bombing into a U.S. government conspiracy.[28]

The launch of RT UK was the subject of much comment in the British press in late 2014. In The Observer, Nick Cohen accused the channel of consciously spreading conspiracy theories and of being a "prostitution of journalism". London Times columnist, Oliver Kamm called on British broadcasting regulator Ofcom to act against this "den of deceivers".[238][239][240]

Journalists at The Daily Beast and The Washington Post have observed that RT employs Tony Gosling, an exponent of long-discredited theories concerning the alleged control of the world by Illuminati and the Czarist antisemitic forgery The Protocols of the Elders of Zion.[241][242]

RT has broadcast stories about microchips being implanted into office workers in the EU to make them more "submissive"; about the "majority" of Europeans supporting Russian annexation of Crimea; the EU preparing "a form of genocide" against Russians; in Germany it falsely reported about a kidnapping of a Russian girl; that "NATO planned to store nuclear weapons in Eastern Europe"; that Hillary Clinton fell ill; it has also on many occasions misrepresented or invented statements from European leaders.[243][244][245][246]

Peter Pomerantsev, writing in The Guardian in 2015, argued that RT's "main message is that you cannot trust the western media". In his opinion, "RT seems dedicated to the proposition that after the notion of objectivity has evaporated, all stories are equally true."[247] A report by RAND called the RT strategy "a firehose of falsehood", where fake stories are distributed in "high-volume and multichanneel, rapid, continuous, and repetitive" with no regard to consistency, where the high volume makes them difficult to counter.[248]

In response to accusations of spreading fake news RT started its own FakeCheck project. The Poynter Institute conducted a content analysis of FakeCheck and concluded it "mixes some legitimate debunks with other scantily sourced or dubiously framed 'fact checks.'"[249]

Israeli–Palestinian conflict

RT, particularly the former RT presenter Abby Martin, has been accused of being anti-Israel and pro-Palestinian by The Algemeiner and Israel National News.[250][251] Israeli foreign minister Avigdor Lieberman made a complaint[clarification needed] to Putin at their official meeting in 2012.[252]

Other responses to RT's news coverage

2008–2012

During the 2008 South Ossetia War, RT correspondent William Dunbar resigned after the network refused to let him report on Russian airstrikes of civilian targets, stating, "any issue where there is a Kremlin line, RT is sure to toe it".[253] According to Variety, sources at RT confirmed that Dunbar had resigned, saying that it was not over bias. One senior RT journalist told the magazine, "the Russian coverage I have seen has been much better than much of the Western coverage... Russian news coverage is largely pro-Russia, but that is to be expected."[254]

Shaun Walker, the Moscow correspondent for The Independent, said that RT had "instructed reporters not to report from Georgian villages within South Ossetia that had been ethnically cleansed".[76] Julia Ioffe wrote that an RT journalist whose reporting deviated from "the Kremlin line that Georgians were slaughtering unarmed Ossetians" was reprimanded.[27] Human Rights Watch said that RT's claim of 2,000 South Ossetian casualties was exaggerated.[255][256]

RT team covering protests in Bolotnaya Square in Moscow on 10 December 2011

In 2012, Jesse Zwick of The New Republic criticized RT, stating it held that "civilian casualties in Syria are minimal, foreign intervention would be disastrous, and any humanitarian appeals from Western nations are a thin veil for a NATO-backed move to isolate Iran, China, and Russia". He wrote that RT wants to "make the United States look out of line for lecturing Russia".[177] Zwick also wrote that RT provided a "disproportionate amount of time" to covering libertarian Republican Ron Paul during his 2012 presidential campaign. Writing after her 2014 on-air resignation, Liz Wahl suggested the reason for this "wasn't his message of freedom and liberty but his non-interventionist stance and consistent criticism of U.S. foreign policy. His message fit RT's narrative that the United States is a huge bully."[257] In a June 2011 broadcast of Adam vs. the Man, host Adam Kokesh endorsed fundraising for Paul, leading to a complaint to the Federal Election Commission charging a political contribution had been made by a foreign corporation. Kokesh said his cancellation in August was related to Paul's aide Jesse Benton rather than the complaint.[181]

In September 2012, UK broadcast regulator Ofcom found that two Libyan dispatches broadcast by RT's Lizzie Phelan in a year earlier were in breach of its code on accuracy and impartiality. The following November, RT was again found in breach of impartiality rules in relation to its coverage of the Syrian conflict.[258] An August 2013 story concerning unverified reports of the killing of 450 Kurdish civilians near the Turkey-Syria border was also found to have breached Ofcom's rules.[259] That December, Ofcom found RT in breach of its standards in relation to the impartiality of a documentary entitled "Syrian Diary" broadcast the previous March.[260] Speaking in 2014 former RT reporter Sara Firth said that there had previously been examples of senior editorial interference, and that she had been pulled out of Syria after some "very heated discussions" about the channel's coverage.[39]

2014

On 4 March 2014, Breaking The Set host Abby Martin, speaking directly to her viewing audience during the show's closing statement, said that even though she works for RT, she is against Russia's intervention in Ukraine. She said that "what Russia did is wrong", as she is against intervention by any nation into other countries' affairs.[261] Later, Martin asserted that RT still supports her despite her differences of opinion with the Russian government.[262] RTs press office suggested that Martin would be sent to Crimea and responded to accusations of propaganda, stating "the charges of propaganda tend to pop up every time a news outlet, particularly RT, dares to show the side of events that does not fit the mainstream narrative, regardless of the realities on the ground. This happened in Georgia, this is happening in Ukraine".[263] Glenn Greenwald said that American media elites love to mock Russian media, especially RT, as being a source of shameless pro-Putin propaganda, where free expression is strictly barred. Agreeing the "network has a strong pro-Russian bias", he suggested that Martin's action "remarkably demonstrated what 'journalistic independence' means".[264]

On 5 March 2014, RT Washington, D.C. bureau anchor Liz Wahl resigned on air, blaming RT for propaganda. Wahl stated that what "broke" her was that RT censored a question from her interview with Ron Paul about "Russia's intervention in Ukraine". In response, RT released a statement: "When a journalist disagrees with the editorial position of his or her organization, the usual course of action is to address those grievances with the editor, and, if they cannot be resolved, to quit like a professional. But when someone makes a big public show of a personal decision, it is nothing more than a self-promotional stunt. We wish Liz the best of luck on her chosen path".[265] In a March 2014 Politico article, Wahl stated: "For about two and a half years. I’d looked the other way as the network smeared America for the sake of making the Kremlin look better by comparison, while it sugarcoated atrocities by one brutal dictator after another."[257]

RT America broadcast with former anchor Liz Wahl

When asked about a clip of her interviewing a guest on RT by Brian Stelter, host of CNN's Reliable Sources, Wahl responded,

<templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />

They get these extreme voices on that have this kind of hostile toward the West viewpoints towards the world, very extremist. These are the people that they have on. And when I was on the anchor desk, they would instruct you to egg on these guests and try to get them, you know, rallied up, to really fire off their anti-American talking points. Listen, I'm all about exposing government corruption. I'm all about being critical of the government. But this is different. This is promoting the foreign policy of somebody that has just invaded a country, has invaded the country and is then lying about it, is using the media as a tool to fulfill his foreign policy interests. And RT is part of Putin's propaganda network and it's very, very troubling in the wake of what is going on in Ukraine today.[40]

The New York Times op-ed columnist Nicholas Kristof commented on CNN's Piers Morgan Live about Wahl's and Martin's initial actions, saying that he "admire[s] their outspokenness but, you know, at the end of the day, RT is a Russian propaganda arm, and I don't think it's going to matter very much to the geopolitical consequences here".[266]

Former RT Moscow anchor Stacy Bivens, and other former RT journalists speaking under anonymity according to BuzzFeed, said they regretted working for the network, citing their dislike of the network's use of propaganda. Bivens, for example, was explicitly asked to go to Germany and procure a story proving that "Germany is a failed state". When she refused, other reporters were sent instead.[267]

Steve Bloomfield, the foreign editor of Monocle wrote that RT's "coverage of Ukraine could not have been kinder to Moscow if Vladimir Putin had chosen the running order himself. While Putin kept up the pretence that there were no Russian troops in Crimea, so too did RT. The storming of government buildings across eastern Ukraine has been portrayed as the understandable actions of peace-loving protesters who fear "chaos" in Kiev".[268]

After the July 2014 crash of Malaysia Airlines Flight 17, RT rushed to blame others for the plane's shoot-down in Ukraine amid accusations by Ukrainian fighters of Russian involvement in the crash.[269] Speaking of RT's coverage, Sarah Oates, professor of journalism at the University of Maryland said: "But if you’re going to engage in propaganda, you have to do it well. They have completely embarrassed themselves."[270]

Sara Firth, a London-based correspondent with RT resigned in protest over the network's coverage of the MH17 disaster. Shortly before resigning, she tweeted, "RT style guide Rule 1: It is ALWAYS * Ukraine's fault (* add name as applicable)". She told The Guardian: "I walked into the newsroom and there was an eyewitness account making allegations [against Ukraine] and analysis, if you can call it, from our correspondent in the studio. It was just appalling, in a situation like that where there are families waiting to be informed and a devastating loss of life." She also noted that "There is bias against Russia but you don’t counter wrong by doing even more wrong" and stated "I have always said it's better to have RT than to not have that perspective, but actually with a story like this and the way they misreport it, it's quite dangerous, I don’t want to be party to it."[39] In follow-up interview she said: "In Ukraine, you’re taking a very small part of a much wider story, totally omitted the context of the story, and so what you wind up with on air is outright misinformation." Calling RT "mass information manipulation", Firth said: "they have a very clear idea in their mind of what they’re trying to prove". She also stated that "The worst-kept secret is that RT is blatant propaganda. I’m one in a very long line of people who have left for the same reason."[270]

The following November, RT was again found in breach of Ofcom's impartiality rules. This time in relation to its coverage of the Ukraine crisis, specifically events leading up to the annexation by Russia of Crimea.[271] For repeated breaches of its due impartially rules, Ofcom put RT management "on notice that any future breaches of the due impartiality rules may result in further regulatory action, including consideration of a statutory sanction".[50]

2015–2016

In January 2015, Ofcom found RT (and the BBC) not in breach of rules on generally accepted standards following a complaint about the use of graphic imagery of bodies at the MH17 crash site.[272][273]

File:Vladimir Putin, Russia Today television channel (2015-12-10) 01.jpg
President Putin with Margarita Simonyan in front of RT's "Question more" slogan (2015)

Following the March 2015 European Council summit which concluded that action was needed to "challenge Russia's ongoing disinformation campaigns", the European External Action Service was tasked to respond.[274] European Parliament briefing notes on the situation called RT "Russia's main international media weapon".[275] The counter-propaganda strategy subsequently developed by the EastStratCom Task Force, a small group of eight officials, included launching the EU vs Disinformation website with a headline of "don't be deceived, question even more".[274][276][277]

In September 2015, Ofcom found RT in breach of the impartiality rules in its coverage of the events in Ukraine and Syria. It also upheld the complaint by the BBC that allegations made in an episode of The Truthseeker that a BBC Panorama film, Saving Syria's Children, had faked a parts of a report on a chemical weapon attack in Syria were "materially misleading".[49][278][279]

In an episode of The Truthseeker, named Genocide of Eastern Ukraine, they stated that the Ukrainian government was deliberately bombing civilians and had murdered and tortured journalists, as well as crucifying babies. Ukrainian army forces were accused of "ethnic cleansing" and were compared to the Nazis in World War Two. The only response to the allegations in the broadcast was in the form of a caption saying "Kiev claims it is not committing genocide, denies casualty reports", which appeared on screen for six seconds. According to Ofcom the broadcast had "little or no counterbalance or objectivity".[49]

<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>

Main article: Crucified Boy

A spokesperson for the media regulator said: "Ofcom found that RT broadcast content that was either materially misleading or not duly impartial. These are significant failings and we are therefore requiring RT to broadcast two clear statements on our decision which correct these failures."[280]

In October 2015, David J. Kramer, senior director for human rights and democracy at the McCain Institute for International Leadership, suggested that Western countries freeze RT's assets "not because of the odious things it spews" but as part of the Yukos shareholder case.[281]

A report released by the US think-tank the RAND Corporation in 2016 called RT part of "a wider Russian propaganda operation" named the "Firehose of Falsehood". The paper called "Russian faux-news propaganda channels, such as RT" insidious and that "they look like news programs, and the persons appearing on them are represented as journalists and experts, making audience members much more likely to ascribe credibility to the misinformation these sources are disseminating".[282]

In July 2016, Ofcom again found RT in breach of its impartiality rules, this time over coverage of the Turkish government's treatment of Kurdish people. Two episodes of Going Underground originally broadcast in March, included claims of attacks, atrocities and genocide against the Kurds, and that "Turkey supports ISIS" without offering adequate counterbalance. RT's representatives stated the network "finds it especially difficult to obtain pro-Turkey views for its programming" because of "political tensions between Russia and Turkey following the downing of a Russian military aircraft by Turkish warplanes in November 2015".[283][284]

In November 2016, after the US presidential election, The Washington Post reported that RT and Sputnik were "state-funded Russian information services that mimic the style and tone of independent news organizations yet sometimes include false and misleading stories in their reports" and also that "RT, Sputnik and other Russian sites used social-media accounts to amplify misleading stories already circulating online".[285] The Post was criticized by The Intercept, Fortune, and Rolling Stone for relying in part on an analysis by PropOrNot.[286][287]

In December 2016, Ofcom found RT in breach of its impartiality rules for the 10th time since the English-language channel launched. A Crosstalk episode broadcast the previous July, contained a debate about the NATO 2016 Warsaw summit in which all members of the panel expressed critical views. RT's representatives again stated that they couldn't find anybody with alternative opinions willing to take part, and that captions with pro-NATO comments should have been added before broadcast, but the wrong text was accidentally used.[288][289]

2017–2018

On 12 January 2017, RT was accidentally broadcast for around 10 minutes on a web stream of U.S. public affairs service C-SPAN. RT stated that while it was testing its systems in preparation for the inauguration of Donald Trump, its signal was "mistakenly routed onto the primary encoder feeding C-SPAN1's signal to the internet, rather than to an unused backup".[290]

On 19 January 2017, RT stated that it had been temporarily restricted from posting media on its Facebook page until 21 January, after the service said that RT had infringed on the copyrights of Radio Liberty's Current Now TV when broadcasting a live stream of Barack Obama's final press conference as president of the United States. Current Time TV said that it had not sent any specific complaints to Facebook, and both RT and Current Now TV stated that they had obtained their feed from the Associated Press. The restriction was removed after about 20 hours, and Facebook did not say officially if this was because of a technical error or a policy issue.[291][290]

In September 2017, the U.S. Department of Justice informed RT America that it must register as a foreign agent of the Russian government. Margarita Simonyan, RT's editor-in-chief, condemned the action as an assault on freedom of speech. A spokesperson for the Russian foreign ministry threatened retaliatory measures against American journalists.[292][293]

On 13 November 2017, RT America officially registered as a "foreign agent" in the United States with the Department of Justice under the Foreign Agents Registration Act. Under the act, RT will be required to disclose financial information.[141] This move was criticized by the committee to Protect Journalists: "We're uncomfortable with governments deciding what constitutes journalism or propaganda"[294]

In December 2018, the British media regulator Ofcom ruled that seven programmes broadcast by RT between 17 March and 26 April of that year, in the wake of the Salisbury nerve agent attacks, had breached the UK's impartiality rules; the BBC reported that RT was "extremely disappointed by Ofcom's conclusions".[295][296] RT was fined £200,000 but kept its licence to broadcast in the UK.[297] RT described Ofcom's actions against it as "inappropriate and disproportionate per Ofcom’s own track record".[298]

2021

German journalist Daniel Lange employed by RT Deutsch left the station in protest against its operation to spy on Alexey Navalny while he was undergoing treatment in a hospital in Germany after being poisoned by FSB. According to Lange, the assignment had nothing to do with journalism as he was instructed in the first place to test the security of the hospital, describe number of internal checkpoints and his RT leadership clearly indicated collected information will not be used for publication. Lange also described reporting bias in the RT where he was instructed by the editor to specifically select footage showing "all the dirt in the Germany".[299]

Professional awards

Martyn Andrews reporting from Siberia in 2007
  • September 2006 – The 10th "Golden Tambourine" International Festival for Television programmes and films[300] awarded RT's documentary People of the Bering Strait in the Ethnography and Travel category
  • June 2007 – The 11th "Save and Preserve" International Environmental Television Festival[301] awarded its Grand Prix to RT's Meeting with Nature series.
  • September 2007 – Eurasian Academy of Television and Radio[302] awarded RT with the Prize for Professional Skilfulness
  • November 2007 – RT's report on the anniversary of the Chernobyl catastrophe received a special prize from the international 2007 AIB Media Excellence Awards[303]
  • April 2008 – RT's daily studio show Entertainment Today hosted by Martyn Andrews and Anya Fedorova receives a special diploma from the board of the Russian Entertainment Awards[304]
  • September 2008 – Russia's TEFI to Kevin Owen in Best News Anchor category[305]
  • November 2008 – Special Jury Award in the Best Creative Feature category for a Russian Glamour feature story at Media Excellence Awards in London[2]
  • January 2009 – Silver World Medal from the New York Festivals, for Best News Documentary "A city of desolate mothers"[306]
  • August 2010 – First nomination for an International Emmy Award in News category for its coverage of president Barack Obama's trip to Russia.[307]
  • August 2012 – Second nomination for an International Emmy Award for its coverage of the international Occupy Wall Street movement.[308]
  • August 2014 – Third nomination for an International Emmy Award for its coverage of the Guantanamo Bay hunger strikes.[309]
  • August 2016 – Fourth nomination for an International Emmy Award for its coverage of the 70th anniversary session of the United Nations General Assembly.[310]

See also

<templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/>

Explanatory notes

1.^ Writing in The New York Times, Stephen Heyman estimated that more than $100 million had been spent on the station as of May 2008.[67]

Citations

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ [3][4]:4[5]:2
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ReferenceA
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  21. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  22. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  25. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  26. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4 27.5 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  31. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  33. ↑ [20][21][22][23][24]:{{{3}}}[25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32]
  34. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  36. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  37. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  38. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  41. ↑ [3][4]:{{{3}}}[5]:{{{3}}}[32][34][35][36][37][38][39][40]
  42. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  43. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  44. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  46. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  47. ↑ [42][43][44][45][46]
  48. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  51. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  52. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  53. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  54. ↑ [48][49][50][51][52][53]
  55. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  56. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 Julian Evans, Spinning Russia, Foreign Policy, 1 December 2005.
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 61.2 Andrew Osborn, Russia's 'CNN' wants to tell it like it is, The Age, 16 August 2005.
  62. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 63.2 RIA Novosti Does Not Control RT Television – Russian Media Experts, RIA Novosti, 6 February 2012.
  64. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  65. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  66. ↑ RIA Novosti launches a TV channel, Russia Today, RIA Novosti, 7 June 2005.
  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 67.2 67.3 67.4 Stephen Heyman, A Voice of Mother Russia, in English, The New York Times, 18 May 2008.
  68. ↑ Danny Schechter interview on RT website.
  69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 69.2 Shaun Walker, Russia Today, Tomorrow the World, The Independent, 20 September 2010.
  70. ↑ 70.0 70.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  71. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 72.2 72.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 74.2 74.3 74.4 74.5 74.6 David Weigel, Pravda Will Set You Free; Russia's answer to Fox News and MSNBC., Slate, 27 June 2011.
  75. ↑ Charles King, Clarity in the Caucasus?, Foreign Affairs, 11 October 2009.
  76. ↑ 76.0 76.1 Ian Burrell, From Russia with news, The Independent, 15 January 2010.
  77. ↑ RT's Advertising Declared Ad of the Month in UK, RT (TV network), 5 March 2010.
  78. ↑ Lawrence Pintak, America's media bubble, Boston Globe, 19 November 2006. (Highbeam)
  79. ↑ Josh Rogin, New BBG chief wants more money to combat "enemies" such as China and Russia, Foreign Policy, 5 October 2010.
  80. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  81. ↑ Andy McSmith, Village People[dead link], The Independent, 5 March 2011
  82. ↑ Ishaan Tharoor, Clinton Applauds Al Jazeera, Rolls Eyes at U.S. Media, Time, 3 March 2011.
  83. ↑ 83.0 83.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  84. ↑ 84.0 84.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  85. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  86. ↑ New US Ambassador to Russia starts with lies, Pravda, 2 February 2012.
  87. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  88. ↑ 'US not funding Putin's presidential campaign', RT interview with Ambassador Michael McFaul.
  89. ↑ 89.0 89.1 89.2 Alessandra Stanley, The Prisoner as Talk Show Host; Julian Assange Starts Talk Show on Russian TV, The New York Times, 17 April 2012.
  90. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  91. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  92. ↑ 92.0 92.1 92.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  93. ↑ Raphael Satter, Assange interviews Hezbollah leader in TV premiere, Associated Press via Denver Post, 17 April 2012.
  94. ↑ Assange chats with terrorist, Agence France-Presse, 18 April 2012.
  95. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  96. ↑ 96.0 96.1 Douglas Lucas, Julian Assange prepares his next move, Salon, 23 February 2012.
  97. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  98. ↑ David Meyer, Russia Today hit by DDoS as anti-Wikileaks group claims responsibility, ZDNet, 17 August 2012.
  99. ↑ Michael Calderone, Third-Party Debate To Be Broadcast By Al Jazeera English, RT America, But Not Major Cable News Networks, HuffPost, Posted: 19 October 2012, Updated: 23 October 2012. Retrieved 4 November 2012
  100. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  101. ↑ RT to host final US presidential third-party debate, Published: 27 October 2012; Edited: 3 November 2012; note that the debate was postponed from 30 October because of Hurricane Sandy.
  102. ↑ Paul Singer, Nader's third-party debate raises alternate issues, USA Today, 5 November 2012.
  103. ↑ RT hosts third party debate #2: Tackling the issues the mainstream ignores, RT.com story and video of debate, 6 November 2012.
  104. ↑ Dylan Byers, Larry King joins Russian channel RT, Politico, 29 May 2013.
  105. ↑ RT America to broadcast Larry King's new political show, RT Press release, 29 May 2013.
  106. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  107. ↑ Visit to Russia Today television channel, Kremlin.ru website, 11 June 2013
  108. ↑ RT unveils dedicated news channel for UK, Rapid TV News, 30 October 2014.
  109. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  110. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  111. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  112. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  113. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  114. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  115. ↑ 115.0 115.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  116. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  117. ↑ Russia: Another Media-Management Change", IPR Strategic Business Information Database, 4 February 2003. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
  118. ↑ Russia Profile. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
  119. ↑ Peter Finn, Russia Pumps Tens of Millions Into Burnishing Image Abroad The Washington Post, 6 March 2008.
  120. ↑ Russia Today TV to make unique contribution to global information – German expert, Ria Novosti, 7 June 2005.
  121. ↑ New Concerns on Russia Media Freedom, Associated Press, via Highbeam, 19 May 2007.
  122. ↑ 122.0 122.1 Oliver Bullough "Inside Russia Today: counterweight to the mainstream media, or Putin's mouthpiece?", New Statesman, 10 May 2013.
  123. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  124. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  125. ↑ 125.0 125.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  126. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  127. ↑ RT "Partners" page.
  128. ↑ Beth Knobel "Russian News, English Accent: New Kremlin Show Spins Russia Westward", CBS News, 12 December 2005
  129. ↑ 129.0 129.1 129.2 129.3 129.4 Marcin Maczka, The Propaganda Machine Archived 7 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine, New Eastern Europe website, 9 July 2012, originally published in New Eastern Europe: New Europe, Old Problems No. 3 (IV), 2012.
  130. ↑ Lenizadt estimates the 2012 Russian Federal Budget at 11 billion rubles to RT's parent company ANO TV-Novosti. Darya Fazletdinova, Anatomy of Non-Resistance, Lenizdat, 2 July 2012. Retrieved 28 September 2012, Translation from the Russian
  131. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  132. ↑ 132.0 132.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  133. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  134. ↑ 134.0 134.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  135. ↑ 135.0 135.1 135.2 135.3 135.4 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  136. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  137. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  138. ↑ Fred Weir, Russia gives WikiLeaks' Julian Assange a TV platform, The Christian Science Monitor, 25 January 2012.
  139. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  140. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  141. ↑ 141.0 141.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  142. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  143. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  144. ↑ RT на русском Script error: No such module "In lang".
  145. ↑ RT en français Script error: No such module "In lang".
  146. ↑ RT Deutsch Script error: No such module "In lang".
  147. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  148. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  149. ↑ Russia Today and Rusiya Al-yaum join Yahlive's high definition bouquet, Al Yah Satellite Communications, AMEinfo.com.
  150. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  151. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  152. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  153. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  154. ↑ 154.0 154.1 154.2 154.3 154.4 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  155. ↑ Foreign News Channels Drawing U.S. Viewers – IPS. Ipsnews.net. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
  156. ↑ 156.0 156.1 'Russia Today' Doubles its U.S. Audience, Russia Briefing News, 7 June 2012.
  157. ↑ BARB Q3 2012 viewing figures "BARB Quarterly Reach Report- Quarter 3 2012", BARB. Retrieved 6 June 2014
  158. ↑ Laughlin, Andrew, 14 January 2013 "RT Russian news channel goes HD on Sky", Digital Spy. Retrieved 13 December 2013.
  159. ↑ BARB Q4 2012 viewing figures "BARB Quarterly Reach Report- Quarter 4 2012", BARB. Retrieved 6 June 2014
  160. ↑ BARB Q4 2013 viewing figures "BARB Quarterly Reach Report- Quarter 4 2013", BARB. Retrieved 9 April 2014
  161. ↑ 161.0 161.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  162. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  163. ↑ BARB Q3 2015 viewing figures "BARB Quarterly Reach Report- Quarter 3 2015", BARB. Retrieved 23 January 2016
  164. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  165. ↑ [1] Sagarra Ángel, Josep María de; Soler Herreros, Chimo "El español en la Federación de Rusia: factor determinante en las relaciones con los países hispanohablantes". En: Iberoamérica, trimestral desde Moscú, n. 2 (2014)
  166. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  167. ↑ Jennifer Martinez, Pew: Russia Today, The Hill, 16 July 2012
  168. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  169. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  170. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  171. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  172. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  173. ↑ Heidi Brown, Springtime (For Putin) In Russia, Forbes, 27 February 2008.
  174. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  175. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  176. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  177. ↑ 177.0 177.1 177.2 177.3 177.4 177.5 177.6 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found..
  178. ↑ 178.0 178.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  179. ↑ RT America Launches New Show, Hosted by Former US Marine, Adam Kokesh, press release on Adam vs The Man web site, 4 April 2011.
  180. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  181. ↑ 181.0 181.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  182. ↑ Glenn Greenwald interview on RT website.
  183. ↑ Glenn Greenwald, Attacks on RT and Assange reveal much about the critics, Salon, 18 April 2012.
  184. ↑ 184.0 184.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  185. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  186. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  187. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  188. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  189. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  190. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  191. ↑ 191.0 191.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  192. ↑ Syria's Assad denies civil war, blames the West, Los Angeles Times, 9 November 2012.
  193. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  194. ↑ 194.0 194.1 Airwaves wobbly, The Economist, 6 July 2010
  195. ↑ 195.0 195.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  196. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  197. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  198. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  199. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  200. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  201. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  202. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  203. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  204. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  205. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  206. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  207. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  208. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  209. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  210. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  211. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  212. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  213. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  214. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  215. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  216. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  217. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  218. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  219. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  220. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  221. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  222. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  223. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  224. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  225. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  226. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  227. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  228. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  229. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  230. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  231. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  232. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  233. ↑ Masha Karp "Counterpoints: KGB TV" Archived 25 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Standpoint, March 2010
  234. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  235. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  236. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  237. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  238. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  239. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  240. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. (subscription required)
  241. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  242. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  243. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  244. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  245. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  246. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  247. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  248. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  249. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  250. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  251. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  252. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  253. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  254. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  255. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  256. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  257. ↑ 257.0 257.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  258. ↑ Ofcom Broadcast Bulletin – Syrian news coverage, 5 November 2012, pp 15–27.
  259. ↑ Ofcom Broadcast Bulletin – Graphic footage, 4 November 2013, pp 14–17.
  260. ↑ Ofcom Broadcast Bulletin – Syrian Diary, 16 December 2013, pp 6–25.
  261. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  262. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  263. ↑ Graves, Lucia (4 March 2014) RT Defends Host Abby Martin, Responds to Accusations of Pro-Putin Propaganda, National Journal retrieved 11 April 2014
  264. ↑ Greenwald, Glenn (4 March 2014) RT Host Abby Martin Condemns Russian Incursion Into Crimea – On RT The Intercept retrieved 21 March 2014
  265. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  266. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  267. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  268. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  269. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  270. ↑ 270.0 270.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  271. ↑ Ofcom Broadcast Bulletin – Ukraine news coverage, 10 November 2014, pp 5–44
  272. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  273. ↑ Ofcom Broadcast Bulletin – MH17, 5 January 2015, p 48
  274. ↑ 274.0 274.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  275. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  276. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  277. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  278. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  279. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  280. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  281. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  282. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  283. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  284. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  285. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  286. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  287. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  288. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  289. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  290. ↑ 290.0 290.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  291. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  292. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  293. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  294. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  295. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  296. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  297. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  298. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  299. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  300. ↑ "Golden Tambourine" International Festival for Television programs and films Archived 17 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine Zolotoy Buben
  301. ↑ News of the Okrug 11th "Save and Preserve" International Environmental Television Festival, 9 June 2007
  302. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  303. ↑ AIB Media Excellence Awards 2007 Association for International Broadcasting, 8 October 2007
  304. ↑ Russia Today Wins Russian Entertainment Awards, Russian Entertainment Awards YouTube page, April 2008
  305. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  306. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  307. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  308. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  309. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  310. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

External links

Script error: The function "top" does not exist.

Script error: The function "bottom" does not exist.

Retrieved from "https://infogalactic.com/w/index.php?title=RT_(TV_network)&oldid=726272695"