Saint-Germain-en-Laye

For treaties with this name, see Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (disambiguation).

Saint-Germain-en-Laye
Subprefecture and commune
Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye
Coat of arms
Country	France
Region	Île-de-France
Department	Yvelines
Arrondissement	Saint-Germain-en-Laye
Canton	Saint-Germain-en-Laye
Intercommunality	CA Saint Germain Boucles Seine
Government
• Mayor (2020–2026)	Arnaud Pericard
Area1	51.94 km2 (20.05 sq mi)
Population (Jan. 2018)2
Demonym(s)	Saint-Germanois Saint-Germinois
INSEE/Postal code	78551 / 78100
Elevation	22–107 m (72–351 ft) (avg. 78 m or 256 ft)
1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km² (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. 2 Population without double counting: residents of multiple communes (e.g., students and military personnel) only counted once.

Saint-Germain-en-Laye (French: [sɛ̃ ʒɛʁmɛ̃ ɑ̃ lɛ]) is a commune in the Yvelines department in the Île-de-France in north-central France. It is located in the western suburbs of Paris, 19.1 km (11.9 mi) from the centre of Paris.

Inhabitants are called Saint-Germanois or Saint-Germinois. With its elegant tree-lined streets it is one of the more affluent suburbs of Paris, combining both high-end leisure spots and exclusive residential neighborhoods (see the Golden Triangle of the Yvelines).

Saint-Germain-en-Laye is a sub-prefecture of the department. Because it includes the National Forest of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, it covers approximately 48 km² (19 sq mi), making it the largest commune in the Yvelines. It occupies a large loop of the Seine. Saint-Germain-en-Laye lies at one of the western termini of Line A of the RER.

History

See also: Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye

File:Saint-Germain-en-Laye - Église Saint-Germain001.jpg

A view of the Saint-Germain church in Saint-Germin-en-Laye, taken from the castle.

Saint-Germain-en-Laye was founded in 1020 when King Robert the Pious (ruled 996–1031) founded a convent on the site of the present Church of Saint-Germain.

In 1688, James II of England exiled himself to the city after being deposed from the throne in what has become known as the Glorious Revolution. He spent the remainder of his days there, and died on 16 September 1701.

Prior to the French Revolution in 1789, it had been a royal town and the Château de Saint-Germain the residence of numerous French monarchs. The old château was constructed in 1348 by King Charles V on the foundations of an old castle (château-fort) dating from 1238 in the time of Saint Louis. Francis I was responsible for its subsequent restoration. In 1862, Napoleon III set up the Musée des Antiquités Nationales in the erstwhile royal château. This museum has exhibits ranging from Paleolithic to Celtic times. The "Dame de Brassempouy" sculpted on a mammoth's ivory tusk around 23,000 years ago is the most famous exhibit in the museum.

Kings Henry IV and Louis XIII left their mark on the town. Louis XIV was born in the château (the city's coat of arms consequently shows a cradle and the date of his birth), and established Saint-Germain-en-Laye as his principal residence from 1661 to 1681. Louis XIV turned over the château to James VII & II of Scotland and England after his exile from Britain after the Glorious Revolution in 1688. James lived in the Château for 13 years, and his daughter Louisa Maria Stuart was born in exile here in 1692. James II is buried in the parish church.

Saint-Germain-en-Laye is famous for its 2.4-kilometre (1.5 mi) long stone terrace built by André Le Nôtre from 1669 to 1673. The terrace provides a view over the valley of the Seine and, in the distance, Paris. During the French Revolution, the name was changed along with many other places whose names held connotations of religion or royalty. Temporarily, Saint-Germain-en-Laye became Montagne-du-Bon-Air. During his reign, Napoleon I established his cavalry officers training school in the Château-Vieux.

One of the German bunkers built in 1942

The Treaty of Saint-Germain was signed in 1919 and was applied on 16 July 1920. The treaty officially registered the breakup of the Habsburg empire, which recognized the independence of Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary, and the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (Yugoslavia).

During the occupation from 1940 to 1944, the town was the headquarters of the German Army.

On 1 January 2019, the former commune Fourqueux was merged into Saint-Germain-en-Laye.

Saint-Germain parish church

The Church of Saint-Germain.

The parish church, which is dedicated to Germain of Paris, was originally constructed in the eleventh century, and the present building (the fourth on the site) was built in the 1820s in a Neoclassical style, with six Tuscan columns supporting a pediment on the main façade. The church houses the mausoleum of James II of England and was visited by Queen Victoria in 1855.

The organ, originally installed in 1698, was rebuilt by Aristide Cavaillé-Coll in the nineteenth century and refurbished in 1903. The church's organists have included Albert Renaud (1891–1924), Albert Alain (1924–1971) and Marie-Claire Alain (1971–2010).

Population

The population data in the table and graph below refer to the commune of Saint-Germain-en-Laye proper, in its geography at the given years. The population of Fourqueux, absorbed in 2019, is not included.

Historical population
Year Pop. ±% p.a. 1793 13,400 —     1800 8,954 −5.60% 1806 9,798 +1.51% 1821 10,291 +0.33% 1831 10,671 +0.36% 1836 10,951 +0.52% 1841 13,618 +4.46% 1846 13,488 −0.19% 1851 12,527 −1.47% 1856 14,283 +2.66% 1861 15,708 +1.92% 1866 17,478 +2.16% 1872 22,862 +4.58% 1876 17,199 −6.87% 1881 15,790 −1.69% 1886 16,312 +0.65% 1891 14,262 −2.65% 1896 16,489 +2.94%	Year Pop. ±% p.a. 1901 17,297 +0.96% 1906 17,288 −0.01% 1911 18,344 +1.19% 1921 20,008 +0.87% 1926 22,180 +2.08% 1931 21,996 −0.17% 1936 22,539 +0.49% 1946 22,013 −0.24% 1954 29,429 +3.70% 1962 34,621 +2.05% 1968 38,308 +1.70% 1975 37,509 −0.30% 1982 38,499 +0.37% 1990 39,926 +0.46% 1999 38,423 −0.43% 2007 41,517 +0.97% 2012 39,476 −1.00% 2017 40,765 +0.64%
Source: EHESS and INSEE (2007-2017)

Transport

Saint-Germain-en-Laye is connected to other communes by the Résalys bus network operated by Transdev. Saint-Germain-en-Laye is served by Saint-Germain-en-Laye station on Paris RER line A.

It was also served by two stations on the Grande Ceinture Ouest branch of the Transilien Paris-Saint-Lazare suburban rail line: Saint-Germain-Bel-Air–Fourqueux and Saint-Germain–Grande Ceinture. The branch was in operation from 12 December 2004 to 28 June 2019.

On 6 July 2022 the Île-de-France tramway Line 13 Express opened, serving the two former Grande Ceinture Ouest station, as well as two additional stations within Saint-Germain-en-Laye.

The Achères–Grand-Cormier station is also situated within the Saint-Germain-en-Laye commune. It is served by the Paris RER line A and the Transilien Paris – Saint-Lazare suburban rail line. The station is located in the middle of the Forest of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, far from the urbanized part of the commune.

Sport

Football

Saint-Germain-en-Laye has a proud footballing history. From 1904 to 1970, it was represented by Stade Saint-Germain, but following a 1970 merger with Paris FC, became Paris Saint-Germain (PSG). PSG is a top-flight football team that is the most successful team in France in terms of trophies.

Sporting facilities

There is one main sporting facility in Saint-Germain-en-Laye: the Stade Municipal Georges Lefèvre. It covers over 12 hectares and contains: – 5 football pitches – 3 stands – 1 athletic track – 22 tennis courts – 1 clubhouse – 1 multibeach terrain

Economy

Capcom Entertainment France, a Capcom subsidiary, has its head office in Saint-Germain-en-Laye.

Lycée International de Saint Germain-en-Laye

Education

As of 2016 the schools in this commune had 20,581 students, with 7,300 of them living in Saint-Germain-en-Laye. There is a high ratio of overall students to town inhabitants. The municipal nursery and primary schools have 3,549 students. 1,026 students attend private schools in the commune.

Schools

As of 2016 the municipality operates ten nursery schools and nine primary schools.

522 students attend the Lycée International de Saint Germain-en-Laye nursery and primary divisions. The public school consistently ranks among France's top schools and is considered to be the country's best public international school. It includes 14 different language sections, including one for Japanese students, and the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) lists that program in its group of European hoshuko (part-time Japanese educational programmes).

Public schools include:

• Lycée Jeanne-d'Albret
• Lycée technologique Léonard-de-Vinci
• Lycée technologique Jean-Baptiste-Poquelin
• lycée agricole et horticole de Saint-Germain-Chambourcy
• Collège Marcel Roby

Private schools include:

• Collège et Lycée Notre-Dame
• École Saint-Érembert

Saint-Germain-en-Laye is also home to the Institut d'études politiques de Saint-Germain-en-Laye. The political science grande école was founded in 2013 and, as of 2023, has a student body of over 800.

Libraries

There are two libraries:

• Bibliothèque multimédia
• Bibliothèque George-Sand

In art

• 

  The Terrace at Saint-Germain, Spring, 1875 by Alfred Sisley. The Walters Art Museum.

Hospital

• Centre hospitalier intercommunal de Poissy-Saint-Germain-en-Laye

Notable people

Saint-Germain-en-Laye was the birthplace of:

Nobility

• Henry II (1519–1559), King of France
• Marie of France (1344–1404), Duchess of Bar
• Jeanne d'Albret (1528–1572), Queen Regnant of Navarre
• Charles IX (1550–1574), King of France
• Louis de Buade de Frontenac (1622–1698), French courtier and Governor of New France
• Louis XIV (1638–1715), King of France
• Philippe I, Duke of Orléans, (1640–1701), younger brother of Louis XIV
• Louisa Maria Teresa Stuart (1692–1712), daughter of James II of England, known to Jacobites as the Princess Royal
• Charles O'Gara (1699–1777), a courtier and official of the Holy Roman Empire of Jacobite Irish descent

Musicians

• Albert Renaud (1855–1924), organist
• Claude Debussy (1862–1918), composer
• Albert Alain (1880–1971), composer and organist
• Jehan Alain (1911–1940), composer
• Marie-Claire Alain (1926–2013), organist and organ teacher
• Benoît Delbecq (born 1966), jazz pianist and composer

Sports

• Mohamed Haddadou (born 1974), footballer
• Amélie Mauresmo (born 1979), tennis player
• Bruno Besson (born 1979), racing driver
• Ismael Gace (born 1986), footballer
• Christopher Oualembo (born 1987), footballer
• Jonathan Eysseric (born 1990), tennis player
• Frédéric Vieillot (born 1990), footballer
• Caroline Garcia (born 1991), tennis player
• Rashad Muhammed (born 1993), footballer
• Gabriel Aubry (born 1998), racing driver

Scientists

• Jean Albert Gaudry (1827–1908), geologist and palaeontologist
• Salomon Reinach (1858–1932), archaeologist
• Sylvie Vauclair (born 1946), astrophysicist

Other

• John Patrick O'Gara (born 1692), soldier in the Spanish Army of Jacobite Irish descent
• Charles Gautier de Vinfrais (1704–1797), hunter and encyclopédiste
• Louis-Michel Letort de Lorville (1773–1815), French general of the Napoleonic Wars
• Jaque Catelain (1897–1965), actor
• Jacques Fesch (1930–1957), Christian mystic
• Jean-Jacques Lafaye (born 1958), writer, essayist
• Albert Dupontel (born 1964), actor
• Emmanuelle Polack (born 1965), art historian
• Virginie Greiner (born 1969), comic book scriptwriter
• Christian de Boisredon (born 1974), social entrepreneur
• Mélanie Thierry (born 1981), French actress
• Marion Maréchal-Le Pen (born 1989), French politician

The town is also associated with:

• James II of England, king who lived there in exile and is buried there
• Charles-Hippolyte de Paravey, French engineer who died in the city
• Gérard de Nerval (1808–1855), poet, who lived there during part of his childhood and adolescence
• Gabriel de Mortillet (1821-1898) French archeologist and anthropologist, mayor of the town from 1882 to1888
• Pierre de Porcaro (1904–1945), priest and prisoner-of-war during the Second World War

Twin towns - sister cities

Saint-Germain-en-Laye is twinned with:

• Aschaffenburg, Germany, since 1975
• Schwelm, Germany
• Ayr, South Ayrshire, Scotland, since 1984
• Winchester, Massachusetts, United States, since 1990
• Konstancin-Jeziorna, Poland, since 1992

See also

• Communes of the Yvelines department
• The works of Antonin Mercié

External links

• Saint-Germain-en-Laye
• Saint-Germain-en-Laye
• Saint-Germain-en-Laye
• Saint-Germain-en-Laye at Curlie
• [http://www.mablehome.com/fortification/france/allemandes/st-germain-en-laye/saint-germain-en-laye-01.htm German bunkers in Saint-Germain-en-Laye