Salt Cathedral of Zipaquirá

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File:The creation of man - Zipaquira.JPG
La Creación del Hombre, sculpture by Carlos Enrique Rodríguez[1]
(Based in The Creation of Adam by Michelangelo), Central Barrel vault

The Salt Cathedral of Zipaquirá (Spanish: Catedral de Sal de Zipaquirá) is an underground Roman Catholic church built within the tunnels of a salt mine 200 metres (220 yd) underground in a Halite mountain near the town of Zipaquirá, in Cundinamarca, Colombia. It is a very popular tourist destination and place of pilgrimage in the country.[2] The name "Salt Cathedral" is mostly to attract tourists - while a functioning church that receives as many as 3,000 visitors on Sundays, it has no bishop and therefore no official status as a cathedral in Catholicism.[citation needed]

The temple at the bottom has three sections, representing the birth, life, and death of Jesus. The icons, ornaments and architectural details are hand carved in the halite rock. Some marble sculptures are included.

The Salt Cathedral is considered one of the most notable achievements of Colombian architecture,[3] being described as a "Jewel of Modern Architecture".[4] The cathedral represents for the Colombian people a valuable cultural, environmental and religious patrimony.[5]

The cathedral is part of a larger complex including "Parque de la Sal" (Salt Park),[6] and a Museum of mining, mineralogy, Geology and natural resources.

Geological formation

Salt deposits in Zipaquirá were formed 250 million years ago, and were raised above sea level during the late Tertiary period, when the Andes were formed.[7]

Location

The complex is located in Zipaquira, town of Cundinamarca Department (49 km (30 mi) north of Bogota), at 2.652 m Altitude. The travel can be done by train from Bogota, in the Tren Turistico De La Sabana (Savanna tourist train). The town is recognized, not only for the Cathedral, but for being near one of the oldest human settlements in the Americas, El Abra archaeological place.[8]

History

The halite mines were exploited already by the pre-Columbian Muisca culture since the 5th century BCE.[9] being one of their most important economic activities.[10][11] The traditional halite mining was described by Alexander von Humboldt during his visit to Zipaquira in 1801.[12] He depicts this deposit as bigger than the main halite mines of the time, such as those in Spain, Switzerland, Poland and the County of Tyrol with a calculated resource estimation of one million cubic meters. Von Humboldt also criticized the excavation techniques as being unpractical for future exploitation, recommending drift mining instead, since the halite tunnels don't require beams, lowering the costs.[13]

Old cathedral

Main altar of the old cathedral, with cross

Years before the underground church was built (around 1932), the miners had carved a sanctuary, as a place for their daily prayers asking for protection to the saints before starting to work. In 1950, the construction of a bigger project had begun: the Salt Cathedral which was inaugurated on August 15, 1954 and dedicated to Our Lady of Rosary, Patron saint of miners. It was compound of three naves and a monumental cross. Part of the galleries were actually carved by the ancient muiscas. However, as the church was carved inside an active mine, structural problems and safety concerns led the authorities to shut it in 1990. This construction cost of the original church was over 285 million U.S. dollars.[14] The building had 120 m  length, 5.500 m² surface and 22 m  height. It had six main columns, and a maximum capacity of 8,000 people.

The main nave included the monumental cross, which was illuminated from the base up, projecting a large cross-shaped shadow in the ceiling. The right nave included the Stations of the Cross icons and the Rosary chapel, with the Virgin of Rosary Icon (sculpted by Daniel Rodriguez Moreno and later transported to the new cathedral). The left nave included the icons of the birth of Jesus and the baptism of Jesus, with a waterfall symbolising the Jordan River.

New cathedral

File:Salt Cathedral of Zipaquirá main altar.jpg
Main altar in the new cathedral with cross and angel sculpture.

The Industrial Investment Institute, together with Salinas Concession and the Colombian Society of Architects opened a contest for the design of the new cathedral, the winner of which was the project presented by Roswell Garavito Pearl[15] which included structural changes in the access tunnel and the dome.

In 1991 the construction of a new Cathedral was undertaken, 200 feet under the older one. This new Cathedral was inaugurated in 1995. Its various corridors and sanctuaries were achieved by making small but significant additions to the caves left behind by previous mining operations.

The main sections of the building are:

  • The Stations of the Cross: At the entrance of the church, there are 14 small chapels, representing the stations of the cross, which illustrate the events of Jesus' last journey. Each station has a cross and several kneeling platforms carved into the halite structure.
  • The Dome: Located at the end of the main descending entrance ramp. From here, the visitor descends to the bas relief cross chambers, the balcony and the Narthex labyrinth.
  • The three naves: They are interconnected by a crack, symbolising the birth and death of Christ. Copies of Creation of Adam and Pietá can be seen.

Four large cylindric columns represent the Four Evangelists.

The cathedral has electrical generator and access for vehicles to the inner space(for emergencies only).

Salt Park

File:The Holy Family-Zipaquira.JPG
Holy Family sculpture.

The Salt Theme park covers an area of 32 hectares. The visitors can observe pieces of art, depictions of the mining process, geology displays, educational exhibitions about environmental friendly mining and sustainable development

The main places at the park are:

  • "The Sacred Axis" A square with an halite hand carved cross (4.20 Meters height)
  • The Salt Dome
  • The mine
  • The Brine Museum, where the visitor learns about how works the extraction process of salt from the halite. Also, exhibitions of the geological studies, engineering and architecture process in the creation of the cathedral can be seen.
  • The Reservoir
  • The Forests
  • The Salt auditorium.
File:Water-Mirror-Zipaquira.JPG
Water "Mirror".

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ "Obras del Maestro Carlos Enrique Rodríguez Arango en la Catedral de Sal", Taller de las Artes: Bogotá, Sitio Oficial
  2. ↑ CALA, Bibiana. Los relatos populares reactivados por la institución social del turismo: el caso de Zipaquirá y Nemocón. Monografía de tesis. Universidad de Los Andes. Bogotá, 2000.
  3. ↑ El nuevo Diario. Brújula para leer. Zipaquirá
  4. ↑ Las 7 maravillas de Colombia. Zipaquirá Colombia. Terra Viajes
  5. ↑ Corporación Autónoma Regional de Cundinamarca CAR. Catedral de sal de Zipaquirá entre las siete maravillas de Colombia. [1]
  6. ↑ http://www.catedraldesal.gov.co/ "Parque de la Sal", En: Catedral de Sal de Zipaquirá
  7. ↑ CARDALE de Schrimpff, Marianne, Breve informe sobre unas excavaciones arqueológicas realizadas en las salinas de Zipaquirá, Cundinamarca, in: Boletín Museo del Oro, Banco de la República, Colombia, No. 1, enero-abril de 1978, p. 39-41
  8. ↑ Correal, Gonzalo; Thomas van der Hammen y J.C. Lerman 1970: "Artefactos líticos de abrigos en El Abra, Colombia"; Revista Colombiana de Antropología 14: 9-46.
  9. ↑ Zipaquira Salt Cathedral
  10. ↑ LANGEBAEK, Carl H. 1987 Mercados, poblamiento e integración étnica entre los muiscas —siglo XVI. Banco de la República, Bogotá
  11. ↑ Cardale de Schrimpff, Marianne, Breve informe sobre unas excavaciones arqueológicas realizadas en las salinas de Zipaquirá, Cundinamarca, In: Boletín Museo del Oro, Banco de la República, Colombia, No. 1, enero-abril de 1978, p. 39-41
  12. ↑ "Memoria razonada de las salinas de Zipaquirá", Alexander von Humboldt, Ed. Epígrafe, con el respaldo de Colciencias, referenciado por Fundación Editorial Epígrafe, Colombia, 2003
  13. ↑ Editorial Epígrafe: Reseña "Memoria razonada de las salinas de Zipaquirá", Alexander von Humboldt
  14. ↑ Información suministrada por la Catedral de Sal, Coordinación Comercial, Zipaquirá, Colombia
  15. ↑ http://wsex tedraldesal.gov.co/parque_01.html Historia del Parque de la Sal, En: Catedral de Sal, Zipaquirá, Colombia.

External links

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