Serbian cross

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See also: Coat of Arms of Serbia
The Serbian cross seen on the "Serbian shield".

The Serbian cross is a national symbol of Serbia, part of the Coat of arms of Serbia, and the flag of Serbia. It is believed to be based on the tetragrammatic cross emblem of the Byzantine Palaiologos dynasty, with the difference that in Serbian use the cross is usually white on a red background, rather than gold on a red background (though it can be depicted in gold as well). It is composed of a cross symbol with four stylized letters S (С) on each of its corners.

The Serbian tradition attributes the symbol to St. Sava, 12th century metropolitan of Žiča and Archbishop of Serbs, creation of the popular motto from those four letters, Only Unity Saves the Serbs (Serbian: Само слога Србина спасава/Samo sloga Srbina spasava).[1] The actual origin of the beta (Β) symbols is with the Byzantine Empire, and the motto of the Palaeologan dynasty: King of Kings, Ruling Over Kings (Greek: βασιλεὺς βασιλέων, βασιλεύων βασιλευόντων; Basileus Basileōn, Basileuōn Basileuontōn).

The double-headed eagle and the cross are the main heraldic symbols which represent the national identity of the Serbian people across the centuries.[2]

Origin

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See also: Byzantine heraldry
The "tetragrammatic cross", emblem of the Palaiologos dynasty from the mid-13th century

Crosses with firesteels have been used since Roman times, as symbols, but not as coats of arms or emblems.[3] Some historians connect it with the labarum, the Imperial flag of Constantine the Great (r. 306–337).[3] In the 6th century the cross with four fields (with either letters or heraldry), tetragramme, appear on Byzantine coins.[4] The symbol was adopted by the First Crusaders since the first event, People's Crusade (1096).[4] Michael VIII Palaiologos (1261–1282) adopted the symbol when he resurrected the Byzantine Empire, with the initials (letters β) of the imperial motto of the Palaiologos dynasty: King of Kings, Ruling Over Kings (βασιλεὺς βασιλέων, βασιλεύων βασιλευόντων Basileus Basileōn, Basileuōn Basileuontōn).[4] It was used in flags and coins.[4] The symbol appear on the Imperial flag divellion (διβελλιον), a naval war flag,[verification needed] used in front of all other banners, recorded by Pseudo-Kodinos (fl. 1347-1368) wrongly[5] as "a cross with fire-steels" (σταυρον μετα πυρεκβολων),[6] and depicted in the Castilian Conosçimiento de todos los reynos atlas (c. 1350).[4][7] As Alexander Soloviev writes, the use of letters in western heraldry is non existent.[5]

History

Middle Ages

The oldest preserved historical source of the cross is from the Dečani oil-lamp (Dečanski polijelej), which was a gift to King Stefan Milutin (r. 1282–1321), the ktetor (founder) of Visoki Dečani, now preserved at the Monastery of Prohor Pčinjski.[8]

Stojan Novaković argues that the recorded use of the Serbian cross, as a national symbol, began in 1397, during the rule of Stefan Lazarević.[9] It was possibly derived from the Dečani polijelej.[9] Serbian historian Stanoje Stanojević argues that it entered its use in 1345, with Dušan the Mighty's raising to a Serbian Empire.[10] In the Middle Ages, both the "Greek style", with closed fire-steels (β - B), and the "Serbian syle", with open fire-steels (C - S), were used in Serbia.[5]

A 1439 map by Gabriel de Vallseca used both the Serbian cross and eagle when depicting Serbia.

South Slavic armorials

The coat of arms of Serbia in the Fojnica Armorial (17th century), based on the 1595 design in the Korenić-Neorić Armorial.

In South Slavic heraldic sources (also known as "Illyrian Armorials"), the Serbian cross is found in the Korenić-Neorić Armorial (1595), which shows the coat of arms of Serbia (Svrbiae) as a white cross over a red background, with four firesteels, also depicting the Mrnjavčević noble house with the same design, with inverted colours and the Serbian eagle in the center of the cross. According to Mavro Orbini (1607), it was used by Vukašin Mrnjavčević (King, 1365–1371) and Lazar Hrebeljanović (Prince, 1371–1389).[10] Next, it is found in the Belgrade Armorial II (ca. 1600–1620), the Fojnica Armorial (between 1675–1688), the Armorial of Stanislaus Rubcich (ca. 1700), and Stemmatographia (1741), while still continuing to be used in foreign heraldic sources.

Official use

The Metropolitanate of Karlovci, established in 1691, adopted it in its seal.

After the Serbian Revolution, the Serbian cross then appeared on all official Serbian coats of arms, except the Serbian coat of arms adopted in 1974, which had the cross removed, leaving four stylized S; this was done symbolically by the Yugoslav government to "socially curtail and politically marginalize religious communities and religion in general".[11] During WWII, The Serbian cross was used in the Nazi backed puppet government, Government of National Salvation Flag (1941–1944). Miloš Obrenović adopted the Serbian cross as the military flag when forming the first units of the regular army in 1825.[12]

Legacy

The Serbian cross symbol has been frequently used in Serb heraldry.[13]

The memorial park in Tekeriš, where the first battle of the Great War was fought, the monument has "18-VIII-1914" and "Samo sloga srbina spasava" inscribed. A monument in Šamac, Republika Srpska, Bosnia-Herzegovina for the Serbs who fought and died in the Bosnian war, has the Serbian eagle in the center, the years which the war occurred (1992-1995) and the Serbian slogan: "Samo Sloga Srbina Spasava" on the left and right sides.[14]

Examples

Flags

Historical coats of arms and flags

Cities and municipalities in Serbia

Cities and municipalities in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Cities and municipalities elsewhere

Other uses

References

  1. ↑ Only the Nails Remain: Scenes from the Balkan Wars
  2. ↑ Atlagić 2009, p. 180.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Atlagić 1997, p. 1.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Atlagić 1997, p. 2.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Atlagić 1997, p. 3.
  6. ↑ Palavestra 1998, p. 1.
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Atlagić 2009, p. 182.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Atlagić 1997, p. 4.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Atlagić 1997, p. 5.
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ Anarheologija Slika 5: Srpski štit, grb Despotovine od početka XV veka.
  14. ↑ Jean-Arnault Derens, EU plans trade routes across the continent

Sources

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External links

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See also

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