Shahmukhi alphabet
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| Shahmukhi |
|
|---|---|
| Type |
Abjad
|
| Languages | Punjabi |
|
Parent systems
|
|
| U+0600 to U+06FF U+0750 to U+077F |
|
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Shahmukhi (Western Punjabi: شاہ مکھی, Gurmukhi: ਸ਼ਾਹਮੁਖੀ, meaning literally "from the King's mouth") is a Perso-Arabic alphabet used by Muslims in Punjab to write the Punjabi language. It is generally written in Nastaʿlīq hand. Perso-Arabic is one of two scripts used for Punjabi, the other being Gurumukhi.
The Shahmukhi alphabet was first used by the Sufi poets of the Punjab; it became the conventional writing style for the Muslim populace of the Pakistani province of Punjab following the independence of Pakistan in 1947, while the largely Hindu and Sikh modern-day state of Punjab, India adopted the Gurmukhi script to record the Punjabi language.
Its use in Indian Punjab is mainly confined to the elderly generation, although it is also recommended to be studied for students studying at M.A level in Punjabi.[1] It is however, used as the main alphabet to write the Pothohari dialect in Indian Jammu and Kashmir.[citation needed]
Shahmukhi is written from right to left, while Gurmukhi is written from left to right. Below is the comparison of the two scripts.
Features
- Consonants are doubled with ّ (ੱ). Ex: ﷲ (ਅੱਲਾਹ) "Allāh", كَچَّا (ਕੱਚਾ) Kachchā "unripe".
- The Gurumukhi sounds ñ (ਞ), ng (ਙ), ṇ (ਣ), nh (ੰ/ં) are all written with ں nun ghunna (nun without dot). In initial and medial positions, the dot is retained.
- ے (Bari ye) is only found in the final position, when writing the sounds e (ਏ) or æ (ਐ), and in initial and medial positions, it takes the form of ی.
- There are three signs used when indicating a short vowel: َ (ਅ), ُ (ਉ), ِ (ਇ): a, u, i. Examples: قَلَم (ਕ਼ਲਮ) qalam "pen", گھُپ (ਘੁਪ) ghup "dense", لِحاظ (ਲਿਹਾਜ਼) lihāż "consideration"
- at the beginning of a word, short vowels are written as follows: اِ, اُ, اَ.
- Long vowels are expressed with ے, ی, ا and و as follows:
| Vowel | Initial | Medial | Final |
|---|---|---|---|
| ā (ਆ) | آ | ـا | |
| e, æ (ਏ ਐ) | اَے | ـَيـ | ـَے |
| ū (ਊ) | اُو | ـُو | |
| ī (ਈ) | اِی | ـِیـ | ـِی |
| au, o (ਔ ਓ) | اَو | ـَو | |
Loanwords
In Punjabi there are many Arabic and Persian loanwords. There are some sounds in these words which were not previously found in South Asian languages before the influence of Arabic and Persian, and these are therefore represented by introducing dots beneath specific Gurumukhi characters. Since the Gurmukhi alphabet is phonetic, any loanwords which contained pre-existing sounds were more easily transliterated without the need for characters modified with subscript dots beneath.
| Letter | Gurmukhi |
|---|---|
| ﺫ | ਜ਼ |
| ﺹ | ਸ |
| ﺽ | ਜ਼ |
| ﻁ | ਤ |
| ﻅ | ਜ਼ |
| ﻍ | ਗ਼ |
| ﺡ | ਹ |
| ﺙ | ਥ |
| گ | ਗ |
| چ | ਚ |
| پ | ਪ |
| ژ | ਜ਼ |
| ﺥ | ਖ਼ |
| ﺯ | ਜ਼ |
| ﻑ | ਫ਼ |
| ﻕ | ਕ਼ |
| ﻉ | variable |
ﻉ is often transliterated in many ways due to its changing sound in various Arabic and Persian words.
See also
References
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
