Shule River

Shule (疏勒河 (Shūlè Hé), 昌马河 (Chāngmǎ Hé))
Changma
River
300px Shule River (midground in the valley in the lower half)
Country	China
States	Qinghai, Gansu, Xinjiang
Part of	Taklamakan Desert basin
Tributaries
- left	Lucao River, Dang River
Cities	Yuanquan, Dunhuang
Source	An unnamed glacier
- location	Qilian Shan, Qinghai
- elevation	5,000 m (16,404 ft)
- coordinates
Mouth	Lop Nur basin
- location	Kumtag Desert, Xinjiang
- elevation	789 m (2,589 ft)
- coordinates
Length	905 km (562 mi)
Basin	102,300 km2 (39,498 sq mi) (Contributing area only about 20,197 km2/7,798 mi2)
Discharge	for Changma Reservoir
- average	28.8 m3/s (1,017 cu ft/s)
- max	1,620 m3/s (57,210 cu ft/s)
- min	0 m3/s (0 cu ft/s)
Map of the Shule River drainage basin Map of the Shule River drainage basin

The Shule River flows generally westwards through the Tibetan Plateau and the desert regions of northwestern China. It starts in the Qilian Mountains and stretches for some 900 kilometres (560 mi); however, the river dries up about two-thirds of the way along its course and is lost in the Kumtag Desert, an endorheic basin, meaning its water never reaches the sea. Historically, the river reached farther west to Lop Nur, an intermittent salt lake in the Taklimakan Desert. Large irrigation diversions off the river and the gradual desertification of the region have reduced its flow significantly.

Course

It rises as several streams in a valley on the northern side of the Qilian Mountains or Nan Shan, on the Tibetan Plateau of extreme northern Qinghai province. In its upper 310 kilometres (190 mi) the river flows generally NNW through deep, glacier-carved valleys and precipitous gorges into Gansu Province, and is known as the Changma. It comes out of the mountains in Guazhou County, and spreads onto a massive inland delta or alluvial fan. Now known as the Shule proper, the river turns due west into an agricultural valley, where most of its water is taken away for irrigation and industrial use. North of Dunhuang, the largest city in the river's basin, it disappears into the desert, after flowing some 540 kilometres (340 mi). The dry river channel stretches about 350 kilometres (220 mi) further WSW to the seasonal Lop Nur basin, which comprises intermittent salt flats, playas and marshes.

Watershed

File:Shuledelta.jpeg

Satellite view of the Shule River delta

Geography

The Shule's drainage basin covers about 102,300 square kilometres (39,500 sq mi) of land, but the contributing portions total only 20,197 square kilometres (7,798 sq mi). There are many other valleys and basins that would drain into the river during extreme floods, but because of the aridity of the region, high flow events are rare. The average precipitation in the watershed is 200 to 300 millimetres (7.9 to 11.8 in) per year. In the high mountain areas it can be up to 800 millimetres (31 in), mostly in the form of snow. In the deserts to the north annual precipitation is usually below 100 millimetres (3.9 in) and in some years, no rain falls at all. Most of the Shule's flow arises from glaciers. Because of a general warming trend in the region, the glaciers feeding the river could eventually melt completely, causing it to dry up.

River modifications

The river valley is intensely cultivated and its flow is regulated by two reservoirs, Changma and Shuangta. There are also more than three additional hydropower/diversion dams on the river. The entire flow of the Shule is diverted directly downstream of the mountains into a canal that runs north-northeast across the delta, supplying farms in the valley to the north. This water is eventually returned to the river, but irrigation usage has caused the river to dry up well before its historic terminus. It is surmised that a few thousand years ago, the region was cooler and wetter, and the river had significantly more flow than it does today.

See also

• List of rivers of China
• Ruo Shui
• Tarim River