Side lobe

This article is about side lobes in antenna engineering. For side lobes in digital signal processing, see spectral leakage.

File:Sidelobes en.svg

A typical directional antenna radiation pattern in polar coordinate system representation, showing side lobes. The radial distance from the center represents signal strength.

File:Typical Antenna Pattern.jpg

A typical antenna radiation pattern in cartesian coordinate system representation showing side lobes.

In antenna engineering, side lobes or sidelobes are the lobes (local maxima) of the far field radiation pattern that are not the main lobe.

The radiation pattern of most antennas shows a pattern of "lobes" at various angles, directions where the radiated signal strength reaches a maximum, separated by "nulls", angles at which the radiated signal strength falls to zero. In a directional antenna in which the objective is to emit the radio waves in one direction, the lobe in that direction has a larger field strength than the others; this is the "main lobe". The other lobes are called "side lobes", and usually represent unwanted radiation in undesired directions. The side lobe in the opposite direction (180°) from the main lobe is called the "back lobe". In transmitting antennas, excessive side lobe radiation wastes energy and may cause interference to other equipment. Classified information may be picked up by unintended receivers. In receiving antennas, side lobes may pick up interfering signals, and increase the noise level in the receiver.

The power density in the side lobes is generally much less than that in the main beam. It is generally desirable to minimize the sidelobe level (SLL), which is measured in decibels relative to the peak of the main beam. The main lobe and side lobes occur for both conditions of transmit, and for receive. The concepts of main and side lobes, radiation pattern, aperture shapes, and aperture weighting, apply to optics (another branch of electromagnetics) and in acoustics fields such as loudspeaker and sonar design, as well as antenna design.

For a rectangular aperture antenna having a uniform amplitude distribution (or uniform weighting), the first sidelobe is -13.26 dB relative to the peak of the main beam. For such antennas the radiation pattern has a canonical form of

$\displaystyle\mbox{Radiation Pattern (in units of dB)} \propto 20\log_{10}\left(\left|\frac{\sin(X)}{X}\right|\right)$

Simple substitutions of various values of $\displaystyle X$ into the canonical equation yield the following results:

$\displaystyle X$	Radiation Pattern	Explanation
$\displaystyle 0$	$\displaystyle0~\mbox{dB}$	peak of main beam
$\displaystyle 3.14=\pi$	$-\infty~\mbox{dB}$	first null
$4.49\approx\frac{3\pi}{2}$	$\displaystyle-13.26~\mbox{dB}$	peak of first sidelobe
$\displaystyle 6.28=2\pi$	$-\infty~\mbox{dB}$	second null
$7.72\approx\frac{5\pi}{2}$	$\displaystyle-17.83~\mbox{dB}$	peak of second sidelobe

For a circular aperture antenna, also having a uniform amplitude distribution, the first sidelobe level is -17.57 dB relative to the peak of the main beam. In this case, the radiation pattern has a canonical form of

$\displaystyle\mbox{Radiation Pattern (in units of dB)} \propto 10\log_{10}\left(\left|2\frac{J_1(X)}{X}\right|^2\right)$

where $\displaystyle J_1(x)$ is the Bessel function of the first kind of order 1. Simple substitutions of various values of $\displaystyle X$ into the canonical equation yield the following results:

$\displaystyle X$	Radiation Pattern	Explanation
$\displaystyle 0$	$\displaystyle0~\mbox{dB}$	peak of main beam
$\displaystyle 3.83$	$-\infty~\mbox{dB}$	first null
$\displaystyle5.14$	$\displaystyle-17.57~\mbox{dB}$	peak of first sidelobe
$\displaystyle7.02$	$-\infty~\mbox{dB}$	second null
$\displaystyle8.42$	$\displaystyle-23.81~\mbox{dB}$	peak of second sidelobe

A uniform aperture distribution, as provided in the two examples above, gives the maximum possible directivity for a given aperture size, but it also produces the maximum side lobe level. Side lobe levels can be reduced by tapering the edges of the aperture distribution (changing from uniformity) at the expense of reduced directivity.

The nulls between sidelobes occur when the radiation patterns passes through the origin in the complex plane. Hence, adjacent sidelobes are generally 180° out of phase to each other.

Because an antenna's far field radiation pattern is a Fourier Transform of its aperture distribution, most antennas will generally have sidelobes, unless the aperture distribution is a Gaussian, or if the antenna is so small, as to have no sidelobes in the visible space. Larger antennas have narrower main beams, as well as narrower sidelobes. Hence, larger antennas have more sidelobes in the visible space (as the antenna size is increased, sidelobes move from the evanescent space to the visible space).

File:Typical antenna pattern with grating lobes.jpg

A typical radiation pattern of phased arrays whose inter-element spacing is greater than half a wavelength, hence the radiation pattern has grating lobes.

For discrete aperture antennas (such as phased arrays) in which the element spacing is greater than a half wavelength, the spatial aliasing effect causes some sidelobes to become substantially larger in amplitude, and approaching the level of the main lobe; these are called grating lobes, and they are identical, or nearly identical in the example shown, copies of the main beams. Grating lobes are a special case of a sidelobe. In such a case, the sidelobes should be considered all the lobes lying between the main lobe and the first grating lobe, or between grating lobes. It is conceptually useful to distinguish between sidelobes and grating lobes because grating lobes have larger amplitudes than most, if not all, of the other side lobes. The mathematics of grating lobes is the same as of X-ray diffraction.

External links

• Sidelobes and Beamwidths - An Antenna Tutorialde:Antennendiagramm#Elemente eines Antennendiagramms