Simon of Trent

From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core
Jump to: navigation, search
Saint Simon
200px
Born 1472
Trento, Italy
Died 21 March 1475
Trento, Italy
Venerated in Roman Catholic Church
Canonized 1575 (approximate)[1]
Feast March 24
Attributes Youth, martyrdom
Patronage Children, kidnap victims, torture victims
Controversy Blood libel
Catholic cult suppressed
 After the Congregation

Simon of Trent (German: Simon Unverdorben ("Simon Immaculate"); Italian: Simonino di Trento ); also known as Simeon; (1472 – March 21, 1475) was a boy from the city of Trento, Italy whose disappearance and murder was blamed on the leaders of the city's Jewish community based on his dead body allegedly being found in the cellar of a Jewish family's house.[2]

Events

The story of Simon of Trent belongs to the reign of Prince-Bishop Johannes IV Hinderbach, an Austrian noble, under the jurisdiction of Holy Roman Emperor Frederick III. Shortly before Simon went missing, Bernardine of Feltre, an itinerant Franciscan preacher, had delivered a series of sermons in Trent in which he vilified the local Jewish community. When Simon went missing around Easter, 1475, according to his story, the Jews had drained him of his blood for use in baking their Passover matzo and for occult rituals that they practiced in private (q.v. blood libel).

According to historian Ronnie Po-chia Hsia:

"On Easter Sunday 1475, the dead body of a 2-year-old Christian boy named Simon was found in the cellar of a Jewish family's house in Trent, Italy. Town magistrates arrested eighteen Jewish men and five Jewish women on the charge of ritual murder — the killing of a Christian child in order to use his blood in Jewish religious rites. In a series of interrogations that involved liberal use of judicial torture, the magistrates obtained the confessions of the Jewish men. Eight were executed in late June, and another committed suicide in jail".:[2]

The exact place where the boy's body was found seems to be unclear. According to the Catholic historian Cölestin Wolfsgrüber, the body was found in a ditch.[3]

The consequences, however, are well documented. The entire Jewish community (both men and women) were arrested and forced to confess under torture. Fifteen of them, including Samuel, the head of the community, were sentenced to death and burnt at the stake. The Jewish women accused as accomplices were tortured, but freed from prison in 1478 due to papal intervention. The case at Trent also inspired accusations of ritual murder against Jews throughout the surrounding regions.[citation needed]

Pope Sixtus IV commanded Bishop Hinderbach on August 3 to again suspend proceedings, until the arrival of the papal representative, Bishop Giambattista dei Sindici of Ventimiglia, who, jointly with the Bishop of Trent, would conduct the investigation. After making an investigation, the papal agent denied the martyrdom of the child Simon and disputed the occurrence of a miracle at his grave. When Bishop Dei Sindici demanded the immediate release of the Jews he was denounced by Hinderbach and assailed by the mob, and withdrew to Roveredo. Thence, he summoned the bishop and the podestà to answer for their conduct. Instead of appearing, Bishop Hinderbach answered by a circular, directed to all churchmen describing the martyrdom of Simon, justifying his own share in the proceedings, and denouncing the work of the Bishop of Ventimiglia. While the papal commissary was taking Enzelin, the supposed actual murderer, a prisoner to Rome for trial, the Bishop of Trent and the podestà continued their proceedings against the Jews, several of whom they executed.

Pope Sixtus appointed a commission of six cardinals to investigate the proceedings. The head of the commission was a close friend of Bernardinus, and on June 20, 1478, the commission concluded that the trial had been conducted in keeping with legal procedures.

File:Simonino Trento.jpg
School of Niklaus Weckmann, Martyrdom of Saint Simonino

Centuries later, historian Ariel Toaff, in his book book Pasque Di Sangue (Passovers of Blood), hypothesized that there may be some historical truth[4] to the accusations in Trent. The book was heavily criticized for giving credence to testimony obtained during torture and was pulled from circulation and redacted by its author.[5]

Cult

Meanwhile, Simon became the focus of veneration for the local Catholic Church. The local bishop, Hinderbach of Trent, tried to have Simon canonized, producing a large body of documentation of the event and its aftermath.[6] Over one hundred miracles were directly attributed to Saint Simon within a year of his disappearance, and his cult spread across Italy, Austria and Germany. However, there was initial skepticism and Pope Sixtus IV sent Bishop of Ventimiglia, a learned member of the Dominican Order, to investigate.[7] The veneration was restored in 1588 by the Franciscan Pope Sixtus V. He was eventually considered a martyr and a patron of kidnap and torture victims. His entry in the old Roman Martyrology for March 24 read:[8] Tridénti pássio sancti Simeónis púeri, a Judǽis sævíssime trucidáti, qui multis póstea miráculis coruscávit. ("At Trent, the martyrdom of the boy St. Simeon, who was barbarously murdered by the Jews, but who was afterwards glorified by many miracles.")

In 1758, Cardinal Ganganelli (later Pope Clement XIV, 1769-1774) prepared a report clearing the Jews of Trent of the murder of Simon.[9]

Pope Paul VI removed Simon from the Calendar of Saints in 1965. Simon of Trent does not appear in the new Roman Martyrology of 2000, nor on any modern Catholic calendar.

Image gallery

  • Pietro Stefanoni Simon von Trient.jpg

    Portrait of St Simon of Trent, 1607, etching, 28.7 x 21 cm

  • Altobello Melone Simonino Trento.JPG

    Altobello Melone, Simon of Trent, ca.1521, oil on panel, Castello del Buonconsiglio, Trent (Italy)

  • Simonino Bienno2.JPG

    Unknown painter, Ex voto; fresco, end of the 15th century, church of Santa Maria Annunciata, Bienno (BS), Italy

  • Simon einblattdruck.JPG

    Incunabulum of Friedrich Creussner, Nuremberg, 1475

  • Simon einblattdruck 2.JPG

    Simon of Trent's martyred body. Engraving, Nürnberg, around 1479.

  • Stone medallion with the purported martyrdom scene of Simonino di Trento. Palazzo Salvadori, Trent

  • Illustration in Hartmann Schedel's Weltchronik, 1493

  • Simonino Bienno.jpg

    Unknown painter, fresco, end of the 15th century, church of Santa Maria Annunciata, Bienno (BS), Italy

  • Simonino Trento.jpg

    School of Niklaus Weckmann, 1505–15, polychrome wood, cm. 79 x 109, Museo Diocesano Trentino, Trento (Italy)

  • Trento-statue of Simon of Trent in via Simonino.jpg

    Statue of Simon of Trent on the facade of a palace in Trento (situated in "Via del Simonino")

  • Martyrdom of Simon of Trent above a Judensau.

  • Martyrdom of Simon of Trent above a Judensau.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Toaff Controversy
  3. ↑ Wolfsgrüber, Cölestin. "Trent." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 1 Feb. 2014
  4. ↑ Hannah Johnson, Blood Libel: The Ritual Murder Accusation at the Limit of Jewish History,University of Michigan Press, 2012 pp.132ff. p.132.
  5. ↑ http://www.jpost.com/International/Historian-gives-credence-to-blood-libel
  6. ↑ Paul Oskar Kristeller, "The Alleged Ritual Murder of Simon of Trent (1475) and Its Literary Repercussions: a bibliographical study", in: Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research, Vol. 59. (1993), pp. 103-135
  7. ↑ Jewish Encyclopedia
  8. ↑ The Roman Martyrology, March 24, [1] retrieved May 8, 2007
  9. ↑ Trial of the Jews of Trent, Manuscript, 1478

Sources

  • R. Po-chia Hsia, Trent 1475: Stories of a Ritual Murder Trial, Yale University 1992, ISBN 0-300-05106-9

External links

Retrieved from "https://infogalactic.com/w/index.php?title=Simon_of_Trent&oldid=130262"