Ninian Stephen

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The Right Honourable
Sir Ninian Stephen
KG AK GCMG GCVO KBE QC
File:Sir Ninian Stephen.jpg
20th Governor-General of Australia
In office
29 July 1982 – 16 February 1989
Monarch Elizabeth II
Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser
Bob Hawke
Preceded by Sir Zelman Cowen
Succeeded by Bill Hayden
Justice of the High Court of Australia
In office
1 March 1972 – 11 May 1982
Nominated by Billy McMahon
Appointed by Sir Paul Hasluck
Preceded by Sir Victor Windeyer
Succeeded by Sir William Deane
Judge of the Supreme Court of Victoria
In office
30 June 1970 – 29 February 1972
Nominated by Sir Henry Bolte
Appointed by Sir Rohan Delacombe
Preceded by Robert Monahan
Succeeded by William Kaye
Personal details
Born Ninian Martin Stephen
(1923-06-15)15 June 1923
Nettlebed, Oxfordshire, England
Died Script error: The function "death_date_and_age" does not exist.
Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Spouse(s) Valerie Sinclair (m. 1949)
Children 5
Profession Barrister, judge
Military service
Allegiance Australia
Service/branch Second Australian Imperial Force
Years of service 1941–1946
Rank Lieutenant
Unit Royal Australian Artillery
Royal Australian Engineers
Battles/wars Second World War

Sir Ninian Martin Stephen, KG, AK, GCMG, GCVO, KBE, QC, , , , , , , , , , , , , , (15 June 1923 – 29 October 2017) was an Australian judge who served as the 20th Governor-General of Australia, in office from 1982 to 1989. He was previously a Justice of the High Court of Australia from 1972 to 1982.[1]

Stephen was born in England to Scottish parents. As a child he lived for periods in France, Germany, Scotland, and Switzerland, eventually arriving in Australia at the age of 16. Stephen served with the Australian Army during World War II, and after the war entered the legal profession. He became one of Australia's leading constitutional lawyers. Stephen was appointed to the Supreme Court of Victoria in 1970, and then to the High Court in 1972, aged 48. He was considered a member of the court's "moderate centre". In 1982, Stephen was appointed governor-general on the recommendation of Malcolm Fraser. He approved two double dissolutions during his time in office, the only governor-general to do so. After his term expired, Stephen remained active in public life as a conservationist and member of various international tribunals. He died at the age of 94, making him Australia's longest-lived governor-general.

Early life

Stephen was born in Nettlebed, Oxfordshire, England, to Scottish parents, Barbara (née Cruickshank) and Frederick Brown Stephen. His father, a poultry farmer and ex-soldier, deserted the family shortly after his birth, moving to Canada and starting a new family; his son was told that he had died, and did not learn the truth until 2003. Stephen's mother was a paid companion for Nina Mylne, the wealthy heiress of the Queensland pastoralist Graham Mylne; his given name was in her honour. During his early childhood, the three of them lived for periods in Switzerland (Geneva, where he was christened), France (Paris, Cannes, and Saint-Cast-le-Guildo) and Germany (Wiesbaden). They eventually moved to Edinburgh in 1929 so Stephen could begin his formal schooling.[2]

Mylne paid for Stephen's education, which took place in Scotland (George Watson's College and Edinburgh Academy), London (St Paul's School), and Switzerland (Chillon College, Montreux). He and Mylne generally travelled together, while his mother remained in Scotland and ran a boardinghouse. In 1940, the three of them moved to Australia to avoid the war. They settled in Melbourne and Stephen attended Scotch College for two terms, and was then accepted into the University of Melbourne to study law.[2][3]

Second World War

In December 1941, following the end of his first year at university, Stephen enlisted in the Citizens Military Force to serve part-time in the Melbourne University Regiment. Following Japan's entry into the Second World War, Stephen completed full-time military training from 8 December 1941 to 15 February 1942 and was then posted to the 10th Field Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery, serving in Western Australia. He subsequently transferred to the Second Australian Imperial Force. In late 1943, Stephen transferred to the Royal Australian Engineers, serving in New Guinea from April to August 1944 with the 43rd Australian Water Transport Company. He then attended courses, culminating in a commissioning course in April 1945. As a lieutenant, he served in the 41st Australian Landing Craft Company in New Guinea and New Britain. In August 1945, he was posted to Labuan, Borneo, arriving after the war's end and serving there until January 1946. After returning to Australia, he was discharged on 5 February 1946.[4]

Legal career

Stephen completed his studies after the war's end, and was admitted to the Victorian Bar in 1949. By the 1960s, he had become one of Australia's leading constitutional and commercial lawyers. He was made a Queen's Counsel in 1966.[1]

Judicial career

On 30 June 1970, Stephen was appointed as a judge of the Supreme Court of Victoria. He held this position until 29 February 1972, relinquishing it to take up his appointment as a Justice of the High Court of Australia.[1]

Although Stephen was appointed by a Liberal government, he proved not to be a traditional conservative upholder of states' rights. He joined the "moderate centre" of the court, between the arch-conservatism of Sir Garfield Barwick and the radicalism of Lionel Murphy. In 1982 he was part of the majority that decided on a broad interpretation of the "external affairs power" of the Australian constitution in the Koowarta v Bjelke-Petersen case.[5]

Governor-General

In March 1982, Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser announced that Stephen would succeed Sir Zelman Cowen as Governor-General of Australia.[1] His appointment was praised by both sides of politics.[6] He was sworn in on 29 July 1982, the first former High Court judge to become governor-general since Sir Isaac Isaacs in 1931. When Fraser was defeated by the Labor Party under Bob Hawke in 1983, Stephen had no difficulty working with a Labor government. In 1987, his term was extended by 18 months as a mark of personal respect and also to allow Bill Hayden (to whom Hawke had promised the position) to leave politics at a time of his choosing. Stephen is the only governor-general to have approved two double dissolutions – in 1983 (for Fraser) and 1987 (for Hawke).[7]

Later work

Stephen in November 2006

In 1989, Stephen became Australia's first Ambassador for the Environment[1] and, in his three-year term, was particularly energetic in working for a ban of mining in Antarctica. In 1991 he undertook a difficult task when he was appointed chairman of the second strand of the Northern Ireland peace talks. From 1991 to 1995, he was a judge ad hoc of the International Court of Justice in the case East Timor (Portugal v. Australia) 1991–1995.[8] From 1993 to 1997, he was a judge on the international tribunals investigating war crimes in Yugoslavia and Rwanda. He also served as chairman of the Australian Citizenship Council from 1998.[9] In 1994, he acted as a special envoy of the UN Secretary General to resolve political conflicts in Bangladesh.[6]

Stephen later moved back into the legal field, becoming president of an arbitral tribunal constituted under Chapter 11 of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), charged with the adjudication of an investment dispute between Mondev, a Canadian investor, and the United States.[10]

A detailed scholarly biography of Stephen, Fortunate Voyager by Philip Ayres, was released in September 2013.[11] Drawing upon it, Ayres also summarised Stephen's career for the Victorian Bar News.[12]

Titles, styles and honours

Viceregal styles of
Sir Ninian Stephen
Badge of the Governor-General of Australia.svg
Reference style His Excellency
Spoken style Your Excellency
Alternative style Sir

Stephen was made a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) on 20 April 1972 "for distinguished services to the Law",[13] and sworn of the Privy Council in 1979. As governor-general he was made a Knight of the Order of Australia (AK), Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG) and Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (GCVO). In 1994 Queen Elizabeth II appointed him a Knight of the Order of the Garter (KG), being the most recent Australian to be granted a knighthood in the personal gift of the monarch of Australia. He therefore had the unusual distinction of holding five separate knighthoods and joined Lord Casey and Sir Paul Hasluck as one of the few Australian Knights of the Order of the Garter. In 1983 he was named a Commandeur of the French Légion d'honneur.[14][15][16]

Stephen delivered the first Sir Ninian Stephen Lecture at the University of Newcastle's law school in 1993, giving his name to this lecture series.[17]

Titles

  • Ninian Stephen (1923–1966)
  • Ninian Stephen QC (1966–1970)
  • The Honourable Mr. Justice Ninian Stephen QC (1970–1972)
  • The Honourable Justice Sir Ninian Stephen KBE, QC (1972–1979)
  • The Right Honourable Justice Sir Ninian Stephen KBE, QC (1979–1982)
  • His Excellency The Right Honourable Sir Ninian Stephen AK, GCMG, GCVO, KBE, QC (1982–1992)
  • The Right Honourable Sir Ninian Stephen AK, GCMG, GCVO, KBE, QC (1992–1994)
  • The Right Honourable Sir Ninian Stephen KG, AK, GCMG, GCVO, KBE, QC (1994–2017)

Honours

Order of the Garter UK ribbon.png Knight of the Order of the Garter (KG) 1994[18]
50px Knight of the Order of Australia (AK) 1982[19]
Ord.St.Michele-Giorgio.png Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG) 1982[20]
Royal Victorian Order UK ribbon.png Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (GCVO) 1982[21]
Order of the British Empire (Civil) Ribbon.png Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) 1972[22]
Order of St John (UK) ribbon.png Knight of Grace of the Venerable Order of St John of Jerusalem (KStJ) 1982[23]
50px 1939–45 Star [23]
Pacific Star.gif Pacific Star [23]
War Medal 1939–1945 (UK) ribbon.png War Medal 1939–1945 [23]
50px Australia Service Medal 1939–45 [23]
QEII Silver Jubilee Medal ribbon.png Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal 1977[23]
Centenary Medal (Australia) ribbon.png Centenary Medal 2001[24]
Legion Honneur Commandeur ribbon.svg Commandeur of the Legion of Honour France; 1983

Personal life and death

In June 1949, Stephen married Valerie Sinclair (born 3 July 1925)[25] and they had five daughters.[26] One of his children, Mary, was married to Peter Hayes.[27] Stephen and his wife were patrons of the Australian Inland Botanic Gardens.[28] He died in Melbourne on 29 October 2017, aged 94.[6][29][30] A state funeral for Stephen was held on 8 November at St Paul's Cathedral, Melbourne.[31][32][33]

Arms

Arms of Ninian Stephen
Coat of Arms of Ninian Martin Stephen.svg
Notes
Knight since 1972
Crest
An Australian King-Parrot proper upon a branch of Golden Wattle also proper.
Torse
Mantling Argent and Azure.
Escutcheon
Argent a fess Azure charged with six ermine spots Or, between three Thistle stalks Vert blossomed Purpure between two Golden Wattle branches Vert blossomed Or, 2,1.
Orders
The Order of the Garter circlet.
The neck badge as knight of the Order of Australia.
The neck badge as knight commander of the Order of the British Empire.
The collar as knight grand cross of the Order of St Michael and St George.
The sash insignia as knight grand cross of the Royal Victorian Order.
The badge as knight of the Order of St John.[34][35][36][37]
Symbolism
The Golden Wattle is Australia's floral emblem. The Thistle is Scotland's floral emblem.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ Service Record, VX107617 Stephen, Ninian Martin, B883, VX107617, National Archives of Australia, https://recordsearch.naa.gov.au/SearchNRetrieve/Interface/DetailsReports/ItemDetail.aspx?Barcode=6090879&isAv=N
  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ East Timor (Portugal v. Australia), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1995, p. 90.
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Mondev International Ltd. v. United States of America, ICSID Case No. ARB(AF)/99/2
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 45652. p. . 21 April 1972.
  14. ↑ Philip Ayres. Fortunate Voyager: The Worlds of Ninian Stephen. Retrieved 19 July 2014
  15. ↑ ABC Editorial Policies: About the Authors, p. 5. Retrieved 19 July 2014
  16. ↑ Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia, Dialogue 22, 2/2003, p. 11. Retrieved 19 July 2014
  17. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 53654. p. . 26 April 1994.
  19. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 49120. p. . 24 September 1982.
  21. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 49255. p. . 4 February 1983.
  22. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 45652. p. . 21 April 1972.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 23.5 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  24. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  25. ↑ https://m.facebook.com/internationalhousemelbourne/photos/a.131896676855110.12001.131890836855694/1018523464859089
  26. ↑ https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/sir-ninian-stephen-obituary-2lgl02b70
  27. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  28. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  29. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  30. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  31. ↑ http://mobile.abc.net.au/news/2017-11-08/former-governor-general-ninian-stephen-funeral/9129062
  32. ↑ https://thewest.com.au/politics/state-funeral-for-sir-ninian-stephen-ng-s-1794870
  33. ↑ http://www.smh.com.au/national/former-governorgeneral-sir-ninian-stephen-remembered-as-a-great-australian-20171108-gzh601.html
  34. ↑ Banner of arms image Archived 31 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine, College of St George website. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
  35. ↑ Banner of arms image. Arms shown over the crest (A parrot), a blue fess, tincture according to the torse. College of St George website. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
  36. ↑ Crest image, Heraldic Sculptor. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
  37. ↑ Order of Australia insignia. The Order of Australia Association. Retrieved 27 December 2013.

External links

Government offices
Preceded by Governor-General of Australia
1982–1989		 Succeeded by
Bill Hayden
Diplomatic posts
New title Australian Ambassador for the Environment
1989–1992		 Succeeded by
Penelope Wensley
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