Spermidine

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Spermidine
Skeletal formula of spermidine
Ball and stick model of spermidine
Identifiers
124-20-9 YesY
3DMet B01214
1698591
ChEBI CHEBI:16610 N
ChEMBL ChEMBL19612 N
ChemSpider 1071 N
DrugBank DB03566 YesY
EC Number 204-689-0
454510
2390
Jmol 3D model Interactive image
KEGG C00315 N
MeSH Spermidine
PubChem 1102
RTECS number EJ7000000
UN number 2735
  • InChI=1S/C7H19N3/c8-4-1-2-6-10-7-3-5-9/h10H,1-9H2 N
    Key: ATHGHQPFGPMSJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N N
  • NCCCCNCCCN
Properties
C7H19N3
Molar mass 145.25 g·mol−1
Appearance Colourless liquid
Odor Ichtyal, ammoniacal
Density 925 mg mL−1
Melting point 22 to 25 °C (72 to 77 °F; 295 to 298 K)
145 g L−1 (at 20 °C)
log P −0.504
UV-vis (λmax) 260 nm
Absorbance 0.1
1.479
Vapor pressure {{{value}}}
Related compounds
Related amines
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
N verify (what is YesYN ?)
Infobox references

Spermidine is a polyamine compound (C
7H
19N
3) found in ribosomes and living tissues, and having various metabolic functions within organisms. It was originally isolated from semen.[1]

Function

Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Polyamines, such as spermidine, are polycationic aliphatic amines and are multifunctional. They serve vital roles in cell survival.

Spermidine synthase (SPDS) catalyzes the formation of spermidine from putrescine. Spermidine is a precursor to further polyamines, such as spermine and its structural isomer thermospermine.

Spermidine synchronizes an array of biological processes (such as Ca2+, Na+, K+ -ATPase) thus maintaining membrane potential and controlling intracellular pH and volume. Spermidine regulates biological processes, such as Ca2+ influx by glutamatergic N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDA receptor), which has been associated with nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and cGMP/PKG pathway activation and a decrease of Na+,K+-ATPase activity in cerebral cortex synaptosomes.

Spermidine is a longevity agent in mammals due to various mechanisms of action, which are just beginning to be understood. Autophagy is the main mechanism at the molecular level, but evidence has been found for other mechanisms, including inflammation reduction, lipid metabolism, and regulation of cell growth, proliferation and death.[2]

Spermidine is known to regulate plant growth, assisting the in vitro process of transcribing RNA, and inhibition of NOS. Also, spermidine is a precursor to other polyamines, such as spermine and thermospermine, some of which contribute to tolerance against drought and salinity in plants.

Spermidine has been tested and discovered to encourage hair shaft elongation and lengthen hair growth. Spermidine has also been found to “upregulate expression of the epithelial stem cell-associated keratins K15 and K19, and dose-dependently modulated K15 promoter activity in situ and the colony forming efficiency, proliferation and K15 expression of isolated human K15-GFP+ cells in vitro.”

Biosynthesis of spermidine and spermine from putrescine. Ado = 5'-adenosyl.

Biochemical actions

Spermidine's known actions include:

Sources

Good dietary sources of spermidine are aged cheese, mushrooms, soy products, legumes, corn, and whole grains.[12]

Food Spermidine
mg/kg		 notes & refs
Chickpea ~29 [12]
Green peas 46.6 [12]
Soybean,dried 128 German [12]
Soybean,dried 207 Japanese [12]
chicken liver 48.7 [12]
Cheddar, 1yr old 199.5 [12]
Cauliflower (cooked) ~25 [12]
Broccoli (cooked) ~25 [12]
Mushroom 88.6 Japanese [12]
Mango 30 [12]
Rice bran 50 [12]

Note - spermidine content varies by source and age. See ref for details.

In grains, the endosperm contains most of the spermidine. One of the best known grain dietary sources is wheat germ, containing as much as 243 mg/kg.[13]

Uses

  • Spermidine can be used in electroporation while transferring the DNA into the cell under the electrical impulse. May be used for purification of DNA-binding proteins.
  • Spermidine is also used, along with calcium chloride, for precipitating DNA onto microprojectiles for bombardment with a gene gun.[14]
  • Spermidine has also been found to reduce the amount of aging in yeast, flies, worms, and human immune cells by inducing autophagy.[15] Recently Tirupathi Pichiah et al., suggested that spermidine may be helpful for treating type 2 diabetes.[16]
  • Spermidine is commonly used for in vitro molecular biology reactions, particularly, in vitro transcription by Phage RNA polymerases, in vitro transcription by human RNA polymerase II (in vitro transcription by human RNA polymerase II, and in vitro translation.

See also

References

  1. ↑ American Heritage Dictionary Retrieved 2014-11-18.
  2. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ 12.00 12.01 12.02 12.03 12.04 12.05 12.06 12.07 12.08 12.09 12.10 12.11 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

External links

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