Starfish site

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World War II bunker on Black Down

Starfish sites were large-scale night-time decoys created during the Blitz to simulate burning British cities. The aim was to divert night bombers from their intended targets so they would drop their ordnance over the countryside. The sites were an extension of Colonel John Turner's decoy programme for airfields and factories (code named "Q" Sites). Following the bombing, and near destruction, of Coventry in November 1940, Turner was tasked with creating decoys for seven major cities.

Turner referred to the new sites as "Special Fire" or "SF". However, one early site (near Bristol) was given the name "Starfish", which subsequently became used for all of the decoys. The sites were constructed around 4 miles (6.4 km) from their protection target, and at least 1 mile (1.6 km) from any other settlement. They consisted of elaborate light arrays and fires, controlled from a nearby bunker and laid out to simulate a fire-bombed town. By the end of the war there were 237 decoys protecting 81 towns and cities around the country.

Starfish sites did attract the attention of enemy bombers; one estimate is that around 968 tons of ordnance was dropped on the decoys. Later archaeological excavation of the original "Starfish", in the Mendip Hills, found no evidence of bomb craters.

Background

At the outbreak of World War II, British high command feared a German bombing campaign on the UK mainland. Colonel John Turner, an engineer and retired Air Ministry officer, was tasked, in September 1939, with establishing a broad range of day and night decoys to mislead enemy bombers. His initial work was with dummy aircraft, airfields, and factories – the decoys for which were dubbed 'K' Sites. Turner also implemented night decoys; dubbed 'Q' Sites, they consisted of lights mounted on poles to simulate an airfield.[1]

In response to the German's use of incendiary bombs, Turner added fires to the 'Q' Sites - dubbing them Q-Fire or QF - to add to their plausibility. Initially very crude, the fires were controlled from a nearby concrete pillbox. The theory was that after a first wave of bombers dropped on the real target, the decoy would light fires to simulate the previous raid for further waves to home in on.[1][2]

Special Fires

Following the night bombing of Coventry, in early November 1940, the decoy programme was expanded to include towns and cities; the Air Ministry initially ordered sites to be set up for Bristol, Crewe, Derby, London, Manchester, Middlesbrough and Sheffield. The new "Special Fire" decoys were set up to simulate the bomb drops of German pathfinder squadrons. By 23 January 1941 the programme had been increased to 43 sites protecting 13 town and cities and by March operational sites numbered over 100.[2][3][4][5] By the end of the war there were 237 Starfish sites protecting 81 locations.[6][lower-alpha 1]

One of the first decoy sites was constructed on Black Down on the Mendip Hills;[lower-alpha 2] it was codenamed "Starfish", derived from Turner's original SF code, and built to protect the nearby city of Bristol. The Starfish name was eventually adopted to describe all of the SF decoy sites.[8]

The sites were located around 4 miles from the town they protected and at least 1 mile from any other settlement. Various types of fire were used - from quick burning felt to creosote - to simulate a recently bombed town. Each site was controlled locally from a concrete pillbox; the fires were lit as soon as the target town came under bombing attack. The aim was to extinguish fires in the town as fast as possible, leaving the decoy site to distract bombers.[2]

Examples

World War II control bunker on Liddington Hill

The original "Starfish", in the Mendip Hills near Bristol, used fires of creosote and water to simulate incendiary bombs exploding. In addition, glow boxes were used to simulate the streets and railways of Bristol; the light bulbs were powered by electrical generators turned by Coventry Climax petrol engines contained in two bunkers.[9][10]

There is a starfish site, with bunker still visible, in the parish of Yatton, North Somerset, off Claverham Drove. This was also a decoy for Bristol. [11]

Glasgow was protected by various Starfish sites located on its surrounding hillsides. A decoy site existed at Long Wood at grid reference NS 540 524 outside Eaglesham in East Renfrewshire, Scotland.[lower-alpha 3] Clusters of impressions where basket fires once stood, bounded by fire-break trenches, covered much of the area in World War II photographs, and a prominent structure near the site may have been the decoy control bunker. Anti-aircraft gun emplacements have been noted at the site.[12] Another site known as Craigmaddie lies on the Campsie Fells at Blairskaith Muir, NS595 762. It was a co-located Starfish and QF/QL site.[13][lower-alpha 4] Carrington Moss, near Manchester, was another Starfish site.[15]

As of 2000, there is a relatively intact control bunker for a co-located Starfish and Quick Light (QL) site at Liddington Hill overlooking Swindon.[5][14][16][lower-alpha 5] The bunker is at the edge of the small copse on the eastern summit of the hill, which is visible from the M4 motorway.[citation needed]

Impact

A 1992 archaeological survey of the Mendip hills did not identify surviving bomb craters on the Black Down site (the original "Starfish"), despite claims of their existence.[17] In his 2000 book, Fields of Deception: Britain's Bombing Decoys of World War II, historian Colin Dobinson collated Turner's conservative estimates as to the success of decoy sites; suggesting that Starfish decoys diverted 968 tons of German bombardment.[6][18][lower-alpha 6]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The SF codes go from SF1 to SF81.[5]
  2. ↑ Dobinson reports that Starfish sites in the main programme had an identification code such as SF1(b).[7] With SF1 referring to Bristol the first town/city to be protected and (a) to (f) being its Starfish sites.[5] The Black Down site appears to SF1(b).
  3. ↑ The site is SF13(e).[5]
  4. ↑ The site is SF13(c) and C15(g).[5][14]
  5. ↑ The site is SF41(a) and C71(a).[5][14]
  6. ↑ Dobinson worked on English Heritage's Monuments Protection Programme. The copyright of Fields of Deception: Britain's Bombing Decoys of World War II is vested jointly in Dobinson and English Heritage.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Crowdy (2008), pg. 58-60
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Price (2004), pg. 32
  3. ↑ Crowdy (2008), pg. 61
  4. ↑ Dobinson (2000), Chapter 4; Starfish: November 1940 - June 1941.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 Dobinson (2000), Appendix 1: Gazetteer of Sites, Table 1.4: Civil Starfish (SF Series).
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Arquilla (2007), pg. 143
  7. ↑ Dobinson (2000), pg. 90.
  8. ↑ Dobinson (2000), pp. 85 & 89.
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Brown (1999)
  11. ↑ Yatton Local History Society
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Dobinson (2000), Appendix 1: Gazetteer of Sites, Table 1.7: Civil QL and QF (C Series).
  15. ↑ Smith (2003), pg. 14
  16. ↑ Dobinson (2000), Appendix 1: Gazetteer of Sites.
  17. ↑ Ellis (1992), pg. 47
  18. ↑ Dobinson (2000), pp. 209-213 & 290-298.

Bibliography

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Further reading

  • The Bombing of Rolls-Royce at Derby in Two World Wars, 2002, Kirk, Felix & Bartnik, RR Heritage Trust

External links


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