State President of South Africa

This article is about the position of South African head of state from 1961 to 1994. For the position of South African head of state and head of government from 1994, see President of South Africa.

State President of South Africa Staatspresident van Suid-Afrika
Coat of Arms of South Africa
Frederik Willem de Klerk
Style	The Honourable (until 1985)
Appointer	Parliament of South Africa
Term length	7 years (until 1984) Duration of Parliament (approx 5 years) (1984–94)
Formation	31 May 1961 (ceremonial) 15 August 1984 (executive)
First holder	Charles Robberts Swart
Final holder	Frederik Willem de Klerk
Abolished	10 May 1994
Succession	President of South Africa
Deputy	Vice State President of South Africa (1981–1984)

File:Standard of the State President of South Africa (1961-1984).svg

Standard of the State President (1961–1984)

File:Standard of the State President of South Africa (1984-1994).svg

Standard of the State President (1984–1994)

State President, or Staatspresident in Afrikaans, was the title of South Africa's head of state from 1961 to 1994. The office was established when the country became a republic in 1961, and Queen Elizabeth II ceased to be monarch of South Africa. The position of Governor-General of the Union of South Africa was accordingly abolished.

Ceremonial post

Republicanism had long been a plank in the platform of the ruling National Party. However, it was not until 1960, 12 years after it took power, that it was able to hold a referendum on the issue. A narrow majority—52 percent— of the minority white electorate voted in favour of abolishing the monarchy and declaring South Africa a republic.

The Republic of South Africa was proclaimed on 31 May 1961. Charles Robberts Swart, the last Governor-General, was sworn in as the first State President. The title 'State President' was originally used for the head of state of the Boer Republics, and like them, the holder of the office wore a sash with the Republic's coat of arms. He was elected to a seven-year term by the Parliament of South Africa, and was not eligible for re-election.

The National Party decided against having an executive presidency, instead adopting a minimalist approach as a conciliatory gesture to English-speaking whites who were opposed to a republic. As such, the State President performed mostly ceremonial duties, and was required to act on the advice of the Prime Minister and the cabinet. In practice, the post of State President was a sinecure for retired National Party ministers, as the Governor-General's post had been since 1948. Consequently, all State Presidents from 1961 to 1984 were white, Afrikaner, and male.

Executive post

Following constitutional reforms, in 1984, the office of State President became an executive post, as in the United States. The office of Prime Minister of South Africa was abolished, and its powers were de facto merged with those of the State President. He was elected by an electoral college of 88 members—50 Whites, 25 Coloureds, and 13 Indians. The members were elected by the respective racial groups of the Tricameral Parliament—the House of Assembly, House of Representatives and House of Delegates. He held office for the Parliament's duration—in practice, five years. The last Prime Minister, P. W. Botha, was elected as the first State President.

The State President was vested with sweeping executive powers—in most respects, even greater than those of the President of the United States. He had sole jurisdiction over matters of "national" concern, such as foreign policy and race relations. He was chairman of the President's Council, which resolved disputes between the three chambers regarding "general affairs" legislation. This body consisted of 60 members – 20 members appointed by the House of Assembly, 10 by the House of Representatives, five by the House of Delegates and 25 directly by the State President.

The composition of the electoral college and President's Council made it all but impossible for the white chamber to be outvoted on any substantive matter. Although the reforms were billed as a power-sharing arrangement, in practice the real power remained in white hands—and in practice, in the hands of the National Party, which had a large majority in the white chamber. As Botha was leader of the National Party, the system placed nearly all governing power in his hands.

Botha resigned in 1989 and was succeeded by F. W. de Klerk, who oversaw the transition to majority rule in 1994.

End of white minority rule

Under South Africa's first non-racial constitution, adopted in 1994, the head of state (and of government) is known simply as the President. However, for some time, the State President had been referred to as simply the "president" in non-South African sources. The leader of the African National Congress, Nelson Mandela, was sworn in as President on 10 May 1994.

List of State presidents of South Africa (1961–1994)

Parties

      National Party

#	Name (Born–Died)	Picture	Took office	Left office	Elected (Parliament)	Political Party
State presidents as head of state (Ceremonial, 1961–1984)
1	Charles Robberts Swart (1894–1982)		31 May 1961	31 May 1967	—	National Party
—	Theophilus Ebenhaezer Dönges (1898–1968)		Elected but did not take office because of illness		—	National Party
—	Jozua François Naudé (1889–1969) (Acting)	100px	1 June 1967	10 April 1968	—	National Party
2	Jacobus Johannes Fouché (1898–1980)	100px	10 April 1968	9 April 1975	—	National Party
—	Johannes de Klerk (1903–1979) (Acting)	100px	9 April 1975	19 April 1975	—	National Party
3	Nicolaas Johannes Diederichs (1903–1978)	100px	19 April 1975	21 August 1978 (Died in office)	—	National Party
—	Marais Viljoen (1915–2007) (Acting)	100px	21 August 1978	10 October 1978	—	National Party
4	Balthazar Johannes Vorster (1915–1983)	100px	10 October 1978	4 June 1979 (Resigned)	—	National Party
5	Marais Viljoen (1915–2007)	100px	19 June 1979 Acting since 4 June 1979	3 September 1984	—	National Party
State presidents as head of state and government (Executive, 1984–1994)
1	Pieter Willem Botha (1916–2006)		14 September 1984 Acting since 3 September 1984	15 August 1989 (Resigned)	1987 (20th)	National Party
2	Frederik Willem de Klerk (1936–)		20 September 1989 Acting since 15 August 1989	10 May 1994	1989 (21st)	National Party

See also

• Governor-General of the Union of South Africa
• President of South Africa
• Prime Minister of South Africa
• Vice State President of South Africa

External links

• List of Presidents
• Lists of Heads of state with links to bios