Sudak

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Sudak
Судак
Sudaq
City
The Sudak Bay in the evening.
The Sudak Bay in the evening.
Coat of arms of Sudak
Coat of arms
Sudak is located in Crimea
Sudak
Sudak
Location of Sudak (red dot) within Crimea
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Country Russia/Ukraine[1]
Republic Crimea
Municipality Sudak Municipality
Government
 • Mayor Vladimir Serov
Elevation 50 m (160 ft)
Population (2014)
 • Total 16,492
Time zone MSK (UTC+3)
Postal code 98000 — 98015
Area code(s) +380-6566
Former names Soldaia (until 1475), Sougdeia, Sidagios

Sudak (Ukrainian: Судак; Russian: Судак; Crimean Tatar: Sudaq; Greek: Σουγδαία) is a town of regional significance in Crimea, a territory recognized by most countries as part of Ukraine and incorporated by Russia as the Republic of Crimea. Sudak serves as the administrative center of Sudak Municipality, one of the regions Crimea is divided into. It is situated 57 km (35 mi) to the west of Feodosia (the nearest railway station) and 104 km (65 mi) to the east of Simferopol, the republic's capital. Population: 16,492 (2014 Census).[2]

A city of antiquity, today it is a popular resort, best known for its Genoese fortress, the best preserved on the northern shore of the Black Sea.

History

Map of the Khazar Khaganate and surrounding states, c. 820 CE. Area of direct Khazar control shown in dark blue, sphere of influence in purple. Other boundaries shown in dark red.

It is believed that the city was founded in 212 CE by Alani settlers on the territory of the Bosporan Kingdom. Merchants from the Roman Empire founded Sougdaea, in Greek Σουγδαία (a reference to Sogdia) in the 3rd century.[citation needed] In the 6th century, the Eastern Roman Emperor Justinian I ordered the construction of a fortress. The Khazars attacked in the 7th century, giving it the name Suğdaq. The Life of St. Stefan of Surozh (Russian: св. Стефан Сурожского)[3] describes the 8th-century town as a dependency of the Byzantine Empire. Around the start of the 9th century, it was supposedly attacked by the Rus' chieftain, Bravlin.[4][5] It is thought that the Khazars retained the town from the early 9th century until 1016, when the Byzantines finally defeated the Khazar warlord Georgeios Tsulo. Afterwards, the town seems to have preserved some sort of autonomy within the Byzantine Empire.

From the 9th century until around the 12th century, there were important trade exchanges between the then Surozh and the Kievan Rus'.

It became an important location for trading on the Silk Road in the 12th and 13th centuries, despite attacks by the Cumans-Kipchaks in the 11th century and further damages inflicted by the Tatars (in 1223, but also in 1239). The city was controlled by the Cumans-Kipchaks, as reported by Ibn al-Air, who said "city of the Qifjaq from which (flow) their material possessions. It is on the Khazar Sea. Ships come to it bearing clothes. The Qifjiqs buy from them and sell them slaves. Burtas furs, beaver, squirrels..."[6] The Seljuk Anatolian Sultanate of Iconium army and fleet from Sinop held and fortified Sudak in 1224.

Crimea in the middle of the 15th century

The Venetians also came to Sudak at the beginning of the 13th century to take their share,[7] naming the fortress Soldaia, before ceding it to Genoese control in 1365. The Ottomans took control of Soldaia and all other Genoese colonies, as well as the Principality of Theodoro in 1475. Although Sudak was the strategical center of the qadılıq, the smallest administrative unit of the Ottoman Empire, the town lost much of its military and commercial importance, until the Crimean Khanate took over.

In 1771, Sudak was occupied by Rumyantsev's army. In 1783, it definitively passed to the Russian Empire, with the rest of Crimea. Though sometimes contested, it seems that a mass emigration occurred as a result of the ensuing instability in that period. Even Potemkin ordered in 1778 the eviction of the Christian population from Crimea. The town rapidly turned into a small village, and according to the 1805 census, Sudak had just 33 inhabitants.

In 1804, the first Russian school of viticulture was opened there.

The present status of the town was acquired in 1982.

x200px
Panorama of Sudak

See also

File:Sudak-Crimea-2013.JPG
Nature in Sudak

References

Footnotes

  1. ↑ This place is located on the Crimean Peninsula, most of which is the subject of a territorial dispute between Russia and Ukraine. According to the political division of Russia, there are federal subjects of the Russian Federation (the Republic of Crimea and the federal city of Sevastopol) located on the peninsula. According to the administrative-territorial division of Ukraine, there are the Ukrainian divisions (the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city with special status of Sevastopol) located on the peninsula.
  2. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ The Old East Slavic name of the city was then Сурож (Surozh). There is a monastery bearing his name in the village of Qızıltaş: Russian: Кизилташский монастырь святого Стефана Сурожского.
  4. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ H. B. Paksoy, Central Asian Monuments, p.31.
  7. ↑ Members of the Polo family and other Venetian merchants having resided in the town since the 12th century.

Sources

  • Sugdea, Surozh, Soldaia in History and Culture of the Ruthenian Ukraine - Scientific conference materials, Kiev-Sudaq, 2002 (prints only) (Russian)
  • Sugdea Collection, Kiev-Sudaq (Академпериодика, 2004) (Russian)
  • Miscellaneous publications by A. Yu. Vinogradov (Библиотека Якова Кротова) (Russian)

External links

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