SPARC

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For other uses, see SPARC (disambiguation).
SPARC
Sparc-logo.svg
Designer Sun Microsystems (acquired by Oracle Corporation)
Bits 64-bit (32 → 64)
Introduced 1987 (shipments)
Version V9 (1993) / OSA2015
Design RISC
Type Register-Register
Encoding Fixed
Branching Condition code
Endianness Bi (Big → Bi)
Page size 8 KiB (4 KiB → 8 KiB)
Extensions VIS 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 4.0
Open Yes, and royalty free.
Registers
General purpose 31 (G0 = 0; non-global registers use register windows)
Floating point 32 (usable as 32 single-precision, 32 double-precision, or 16 quad-precision)
Sun UltraSPARC II Microprocessor

SPARC (from "scalable processor architecture") is a RISC instruction set architecture (ISA) developed by Sun Microsystems and introduced in mid-1987.

SPARC is a registered trademark of SPARC International, Inc., an organization established in 1989 to promote the SPARC architecture, manage SPARC trademarks, and provide conformance testing. Implementations of the original 32-bit SPARC architecture were initially designed and used in Sun's Sun-4 workstation and server systems, replacing their earlier Sun-3 systems based on the Motorola 68000 series of processors. Later, SPARC processors were used in SMP and CC-NUMA servers produced by Sun, Solbourne and Fujitsu, among others, and designed for 64-bit operation.

SPARC International was intended to open the SPARC architecture to make a larger ecosystem for the design, which has been licensed to several manufacturers, including Texas Instruments, Atmel, Cypress Semiconductor, and Fujitsu. As a result of SPARC International, the SPARC architecture is fully open, non-proprietary and royalty free.

In March 2006, the complete design of Sun's UltraSPARC T1 microprocessor was released in open-source form at OpenSPARC.net and named the OpenSPARC T1. In 2007 the design of Sun's UltraSPARC T2 microprocessor was also released in open-source form as OpenSPARC T2.[1]

The most recent commercial iterations of the SPARC processor design are the Fujitsu Laboratories Ltd.'s 34 core SPARC64 XIfx 2.2 GHz of 1.1 TFLOPS introduced 2015, which is used in the supercomputer PRIMEHPC FX100; the Fujitsu Laboratories Ltd.'s 16 core SPARC64 X+ introduced in 2014,[2] running at 3.2 GHz; the 32 core SPARC M7 introduced by Oracle Corporation in October 2015 running at 4.133 GHz.

Features

The SPARC architecture was heavily influenced by the earlier RISC designs including the RISC I and II from the University of California, Berkeley and the IBM 801. These original RISC designs were minimalist, including as few features or op-codes as possible and aiming to execute instructions at a rate of almost one instruction per clock cycle. This made them similar to the MIPS architecture in many ways, including the lack of instructions such as multiply or divide. Another feature of SPARC influenced by this early RISC movement is the branch delay slot.

The SPARC processor usually contains as many as 160 general purpose registers. At any point, only 32 of them are immediately visible to software – 8 are a set of global registers (one of which, g0, is hard-wired to zero, so only 7 of them are usable as registers) and the other 24 are from the stack of registers. These 24 registers form what is called a register window, and at function call/return, this window is moved up and down the register stack. Each window has 8 local registers and shares 8 registers with each of the adjacent windows. The shared registers are used for passing function parameters and returning values, and the local registers are used for retaining local values across function calls.

The "Scalable" in SPARC comes from the fact that the SPARC specification allows implementations to scale from embedded processors up through large server processors, all sharing the same core (non-privileged) instruction set. One of the architectural parameters that can scale is the number of implemented register windows; the specification allows from 3 to 32 windows to be implemented, so the implementation can choose to implement all 32 to provide maximum call stack efficiency, or to implement only 3 to reduce cost and complexity of the design, or to implement some number between them. Other architectures that include similar register file features include Intel i960, IA-64, and AMD 29000.

The architecture has gone through several revisions. It gained hardware multiply and divide functionality in Version 8.[3]:{{{3}}}[4]:{{{3}}} 64-bit (addressing and data) were added to the version 9 SPARC specification published in 1994.[5]

In SPARC Version 8, the floating point register file has 16 double precision registers. Each of them can be used as two single precision registers, providing a total of 32 single precision registers. An odd-even number pair of double precision registers can be used as a quad precision register, thus allowing 8 quad precision registers. SPARC Version 9 added 16 more double precision registers (which can also be accessed as 8 quad precision registers), but these additional registers can not be accessed as single precision registers. No SPARC CPU implements quad-precision operations in hardware as of 2004.[6]

Tagged add and subtract instructions perform adds and subtracts on values checking that the bottom two bits of both operands are 0 and reporting overflow if they are not. This can be useful in the implementation of the run time for ML, Lisp, and similar languages that might use a tagged integer format.

The endianness of the 32-bit SPARC V8 architecture is purely big-endian. The 64-bit SPARC V9 architecture uses big-endian instructions, but can access data in either big-endian or little-endian byte order, chosen either at the application instruction (load/store) level or at the memory page level (via an MMU setting). The latter is often used for accessing data from inherently little-endian devices, such as those on PCI buses.

History

There have been three major revisions of the architecture. The first published revision was the 32-bit SPARC Version 7 (V7) in 1986. SPARC Version 8 (V8), an enhanced SPARC architecture definition, was released in 1990. The main differences between V7 and V8 were the addition of integer multiply and divide instructions, and an upgrade from 80-bit "extended precision" floating-point arithmetic to 128-bit "quad-precision" arithmetic. SPARC V8 served as the basis for IEEE Standard 1754-1994, an IEEE standard for a 32-bit microprocessor architecture.

SPARC Version 9, the 64-bit SPARC architecture, was released by SPARC International in 1993. It was developed by the SPARC Architecture Committee consisting of Amdahl Corporation, Fujitsu, ICL, LSI Logic, Matsushita, Philips, Ross Technology, Sun Microsystems, and Texas Instruments. Newer specifications always remain compliant with the full SPARC V9 Level 1 specification.

In 2002, the SPARC Joint Programming Specification 1 (JPS1) was released by Fujitsu and Sun, describing processor functions which were identically implemented in the CPUs of both companies ("Commonality"). The first CPUs conforming to JPS1 were the UltraSPARC III by Sun and the SPARC64 V by Fujitsu. Functionalities which are not covered by JPS1 are documented for each processor in "Implementation Supplements".

At the end of 2003, JPS2 was released to support multicore CPUs. The first CPUs conforming to JPS2 were the UltraSPARC IV by Sun and the SPARC64 VI by Fujitsu.

In early 2006, Sun released an extended architecture specification, UltraSPARC Architecture 2005. This includes not only the non-privileged and most of the privileged portions of SPARC V9, but also all the architectural extensions developed through the processor generations of UltraSPARC III, IV, IV+ as well as CMT extensions starting with the UltraSPARC T1 implementation:

  • the VIS 1 and VIS 2 instruction set extensions and the associated GSR register
  • multiple levels of global registers, controlled by the GL register
  • Sun’s 64-bit MMU architecture
  • privileged instructions ALLCLEAN, OTHERW, NORMALW, and INVALW
  • access to the VER register is now hyperprivileged
  • the SIR instruction is now hyperprivileged

In 2007, Sun released an updated specification, UltraSPARC Architecture 2007, to which the UltraSPARC T2 implementation complied.

In August, 2012, Oracle Corporation made available a new specification, Oracle SPARC Architecture 2011, which besides the overall update of the reference, adds the VIS 3 instruction set extensions and hyperprivileged mode to the 2007 specification.[7]

In October, 2015, Oracle released SPARC M7, the first processor based on the new Oracle SPARC Architecture 2015 specification.[8] This revision includes VIS 4 instruction set extensions.

SPARC architecture has provided continuous application binary compatibility from the first SPARC V7 implementation in 1987 through the Sun UltraSPARC Architecture implementations.

Among various implementations of SPARC, Sun's SuperSPARC and UltraSPARC-I were very popular, and were used as reference systems for SPEC CPU95 and CPU2000 benchmarks. The 296 MHz UltraSPARC-II is the reference system for the SPEC CPU2006 benchmark.

The SPARC architecture has been licensed to many companies who have developed and fabricated implementations, such as:

SPARC microprocessor implementations

This table contains specifications for certain SPARC processors: frequency (megahertz), architecture version, release year, number of threads (threads per core multiplied by the number of cores), fabrication process (nanometers), number of transistors (millions), die size (square millimetres), number of I/O pins, dissipated power (watts), voltage, and cache sizes—data, instruction, L2 and L3 (kibibytes).

Name (codename) Model Frequency (MHz) Arch. version Year Total threads[note 1] Process (nm) Transistors (millions) Die size (mm²) IO pins Power (W) Voltage (V) L1 Dcache (KiB) L1 Icache (KiB) L2 cache (KiB) L3 cache (KiB)
SPARC (various), including MB86900[note 2] 14.28–40 V7 1987–1992 1×1=1 800–1300 ~0.1–1.8 -- 160–256 -- -- 0–128 (unified) none none
microSPARC I (Tsunami) TI TMS390S10 40–50 V8 1992 1×1=1 800 0.8 225? 288 2.5 5 2 4 none none
SuperSPARC I (Viking) TI TMX390Z50 / Sun STP1020 33–60 V8 1992 1×1=1 800 3.1 -- 293 14.3 5 16 20 0–2048 none
SPARClite Fujitsu MB8683x 66–108 V8E 1992 1×1=1 -- -- -- 144, 176 -- 2.5/3.3–5.0 V, 2.5–3.3 V 1, 2, 8, 16 1, 2, 8, 16 none none
hyperSPARC (Colorado 1) Ross RT620A 40–90 V8 1993 1×1=1 500 1.5 -- -- -- 5? 0 8 128–256 none
microSPARC II (Swift) Fujitsu MB86904 / Sun STP1012 60–125 V8 1994 1×1=1 500 2.3 233 321 5 3.3 8 16 none none
hyperSPARC (Colorado 2) Ross RT620B 90–125 V8 1994 1×1=1 400 1.5 -- -- -- 3.3 0 8 128–256 none
SuperSPARC II (Voyager) Sun STP1021 75–90 V8 1994 1×1=1 800 3.1 299 -- 16 -- 16 20 1024–2048 none
hyperSPARC (Colorado 3) Ross RT620C 125–166 V8 1995 1×1=1 350 1.5 -- -- -- 3.3 0 8 512–1024 none
TurboSPARC Fujitsu MB86907 160–180 V8 1996 1×1=1 350 3.0 132 416 7 3.5 16 16 512 none
UltraSPARC (Spitfire) Sun STP1030 143–167 V9 1995 1×1=1 470 3.8 315 521 30[note 3] 3.3 16 16 512–1024 none
UltraSPARC (Hornet) Sun STP1030 200 V9 1998 1×1=1 420 5.2 265 521 -- 3.3 16 16 512–1024 none
hyperSPARC (Colorado 4) Ross RT620D 180–200 V8 1996 1×1=1 350 1.7 -- -- -- 3.3 16 16 512 none
SPARC64 Fujitsu (HAL) 101–118 V9 1995 1×1=1 400 -- Multichip 286 50 3.8 128 128 -- --
SPARC64 II Fujitsu (HAL) 141–161 V9 1996 1×1=1 350 -- Multichip 286 64 3.3 128 128 -- --
SPARC64 III Fujitsu (HAL) MBCS70301 250–330 V9 1998 1×1=1 240 17.6 240 -- -- 2.5 64 64 8192 --
UltraSPARC IIs (Blackbird) Sun STP1031 250–400 V9 1997 1×1=1 350 5.4 149 521 25[note 4] 2.5 16 16 1024 or 4096 none
UltraSPARC IIs (Sapphire-Black) Sun STP1032 / STP1034 360–480 V9 1999 1×1=1 250 5.4 126 521 21[note 5] 1.9 16 16 1024–8192 none
UltraSPARC IIi (Sabre) Sun SME1040 270–360 V9 1997 1×1=1 350 5.4 156 587 21 1.9 16 16 256–2048 none
UltraSPARC IIi (Sapphire-Red) Sun SME1430 333–480 V9 1998 1×1=1 250 5.4 -- 587 21[note 6] 1.9 16 16 2048 none
UltraSPARC IIe (Hummingbird) Sun SME1701 400–500 V9 1999 1×1=1 180 Al -- -- 370 13[note 7] 1.5–1.7 16 16 256 none
UltraSPARC IIi (IIe+) (Phantom) Sun SME1532 550–650 V9 2000 1×1=1 180 Cu -- -- 370 17.6 1.7 16 16 512 none
SPARC64 GP Fujitsu SFCB81147 400–563 V9 2000 1×1=1 180 30.2 217 -- -- 1.8 128 128 8192 --
SPARC64 GP -- 600–810 V9 -- 1×1=1 150 30.2 -- -- -- 1.5 128 128 8192 --
SPARC64 IV Fujitsu MBCS80523 450–810 V9 2000 1×1=1 130 -- -- -- -- -- 128 128 2048 --
UltraSPARC III (Cheetah) Sun SME1050 600 JPS1 2001 1×1=1 180 Al 29 330 1368 53 1.6 64 32 8192 none
UltraSPARC III (Cheetah) Sun SME1052 750–900 JPS1 2001 1×1=1 130 Al 29 -- 1368 -- 1.6 64 32 8192 none
UltraSPARC III Cu (Cheetah+) Sun SME1056 1002–1200 JPS1 2001 1×1=1 130 Cu 29 232 1368 80[note 8] 1.6 64 32 8192 none
UltraSPARC IIIi (Jalapeño) Sun SME1603 1064–1593 JPS1 2003 1×1=1 130 87.5 206 959 52 1.3 64 32 1024 none
SPARC64 V (Zeus) Fujitsu 1100–1350 JPS1 2003 1×1=1 130 190 289 269 40 1.2 128 128 2048 --
SPARC64 V+ (Olympus-B) Fujitsu 1650–2160 JPS1 2004 1×1=1 90 400 297 279 65 1 128 128 4096 --
UltraSPARC IV (Jaguar) Sun SME1167 1050–1350 JPS2 2004 1×2=2 130 66 356 1368 108 1.35 64 32 16384 none
UltraSPARC IV+ (Panther) Sun SME1167A 1500–2100 JPS2 2005 1×2=2 90 295 336 1368 90 1.1 64 64 2048 32768
UltraSPARC T1 (Niagara) Sun SME1905 1000–1400 UA2005 2005 4×8=32 90 300 340 1933 72 1.3 8 16 3072 none
SPARC64 VI (Olympus-C) Fujitsu 2150–2400 JPS2 2007 2×2=4 90 540 422 -- 120–150 1.1 128×2 128×2 4096–6144 none
UltraSPARC T2 (Niagara 2) Sun SME1908A 1000–1600 UA2007 2007 8×8=64 65 503 342 1831 95 1.1–1.5 8 16 4096 none
UltraSPARC T2 Plus (Victoria Falls) Sun SME1910A 1200–1600 UA2007 2008 8×8=64 65 503 342 1831 - - 8 16 4096 none
SPARC64 VII (Jupiter)[9] Fujitsu 2400–2880 JPS2 2008 2×4=8 65 600 445 -- 150 -- 64×4 64×4 6144 none
UltraSPARC "RK" (Rock)[10] Sun SME1832 2300 ???? canceled[11] 2×16=32 65 ? 396 2326 ? ? 32 32 2048 ?
SPARC64 VIIIfx (Venus)[12][13] Fujitsu 2000 JPS2 / HPC-ACE 2009 1×8=8 45 760 513 1271 58 ? 32×8 32×8 6144 none
SPARC T3 (Rainbow Falls) Oracle/Sun 1650 UA2007 2010 8×16=128 40[14] ???? 371 ? 139 ? 8 16 6144 none
Galaxy FT-1500 NUDT (China) 1800 UA2007? 201? 8×16=128 40 ???? ??? ? 65 ? 16×16 16×16 512×16 4096
SPARC64 VII+ (Jupiter-E or M3)[15][16] Fujitsu 2667–3000 JPS2 2010 2×4=8 65 - - - 160 - 64×4 64×4 12288 none
LEON4 Aeroflex Gaisler 125–1500 V8E 2010 1×1=1 32 - - - ??? - ??? ??? ??? ???
R1000 MCST (Russia) 1000 JPS2 2011 1×4=4 90 180 128 - 15 1, 1.8, 2.5 32 16 2048 none
SPARC T4 (Yosemite Falls)[17] Oracle 2850–3000 OSA2011 2011 8×8=64 40 855 403 ? 240 ? 16×8 16×8 128×8 4096
SPARC64 IXfx[18][19][20] Fujitsu 1850 JPS2 / HPC-ACE 2012 1x16=16 40 1870 484 1442 110 ? 32×16 32×16 12288 none
SPARC64 X (Athena)[21] Fujitsu 2800 OSA2011 / HPC-ACE 2012 2×16=32 28 2950 587.5 1500 270 ? 64×16 64×16 24576 none
SPARC T5 Oracle 3600 OSA2011 2013 8×16=128 28 1500 478 ? ? ? 16×16 16×16 128×16 8192
SPARC M5 Oracle 3600 OSA2011 2013 8×6=48 28 3900 ? ? ? ? 16×6 16×6 128×6 49152
SPARC M6 Oracle 3600 OSA2011 2013 8×12=96 28 ? ? ? ? ? 16×12 16×12 128×12 49152
SPARC64 X+ (Athena+)[22] Fujitsu 3200–3700 OSA2011 / HPC-ACE 2014 2×16=32 28 2990 600 1500 392 ? 64×16 64×16 24M none
SPARC64 XIfx[23] Fujitsu 2200 OSA2011 / HPC-ACE2 2015? 1×(32+2)=34 20 3750 ? 1001 ? ? 64×34 64×34 12M×2 none
SPARC M7[24][25][26][27] Oracle 4133 OSA2015 2015 8×32=256 20 >10,000 ? ? ? ? 16×32 16×32 256×24 65536
SPARC Sonoma[28][29] Oracle ? ???? 2016 8×8=64 20 ???? ? ? ? ? 16×8 16×8 256×2+256×4 8192
Name (codename) Model Frequency (MHz) Arch. version Year Total threads[note 1] Process (nm) Transistors (millions) Die size (mm²) IO pins Power (W) Voltage (V) L1 Dcache (KiB) L1 Icache (KiB) L2 cache (KiB) L3 cache (KiB)

Notes:

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Threads per core × number of cores
  2. ↑ Various SPARC V7 implementations were produced by Fujitsu, LSI Logic, Weitek, Texas Instruments and Cypress. A SPARC V7 processor generally consisted of several discrete chips, usually comprising an integer unit (IU), a floating-point unit (FPU), a memory management unit (MMU) and cache memory.
  3. ↑ @167 MHz
  4. ↑ @250 MHz
  5. ↑ @400 MHz
  6. ↑ @440 MHz
  7. ↑ max@500 MHz
  8. ↑ @900 MHz

Operating system support

SPARC machines have generally used Sun's SunOS, Solaris, OpenSolaris or derived as Illumos, but other operating systems such as NeXTSTEP, RTEMS, FreeBSD, OpenBSD, NetBSD, and Linux have also been used.

In 1993, Intergraph announced a port of Windows NT to the SPARC architecture,[30] but it was later cancelled.

In October 2015, Oracle announced a "Linux for SPARC reference platform".[31]

Open source implementations

Three fully open source implementations of the SPARC architecture exist:

  • LEON, a 32-bit, SPARC Version 8 implementation, designed especially for space use. Source code is written in VHDL, and licensed under the GPL.
  • OpenSPARC T1, released in 2006, a 64-bit, 32-thread implementation conforming to the UltraSPARC Architecture 2005 and to SPARC Version 9 (Level 1). Source code is written in Verilog, and licensed under many licenses. Most OpenSPARC T1 source code is licensed under the GPL. Source based on existent open source projects will continue to be licensed under their current licenses. Binary programs are licensed under a binary software license agreement.
  • S1, a 64-bit Wishbone compliant CPU core based on the OpenSPARC T1 design. It is a single UltraSPARC v9 core capable of 4 way SMT. Like the T1, the source code is licensed under the GPL.
  • OpenSPARC T2, released in 2008, a 64-bit, 64-thread implementation conforming to the UltraSPARC Architecture 2007 and to SPARC Version 9 (Level 1). Source code is written in Verilog, and licensed under many licenses. Most OpenSPARC T2 source code is licensed under the GPL. Source based on existing open source projects will continue to be licensed under their current licenses. Binary programs are licensed under a binary Software License Agreement.

A fully open source simulator for the SPARC architecture also exists:

  • RAMP Gold, a 32-bit, 64-thread SPARC Version 8 implementation, designed for FPGA-based architecture simulation. RAMP Gold is written in ~36,000 lines of SystemVerilog, and licensed under the BSD licenses.

Supercomputers

For HPC loads Fujitsu builds specialized SPARC64 fx processors with a new instruction extensions set called HPC-ACE (High Performance Computing – Arithmetic Computational Extensions).

Fujitsu's K computer ranked #1 in TOP500 – June 2011 and November 2011 lists. It combines 88,128 SPARC64 VIIIfx CPUs, each with eight cores, for a total of 705,024 cores—almost twice as many as any other system in the TOP500 at that time. The K Computer was more powerful than the next five systems on the list combined, and had the highest performance-to-power ratio of any other supercomputer system.[32] It also ranked #6 in Green500 – June 2011 list, with a score of 824.56 MFLOPS/W.[33] In the November 2012 release of TOP500, the K computer ranked #3, using by far the most power of the top three.[34] It ranked #85 on the corresponding Green500 release.[35] Newer HPC processors, IXfx and XIfx, were included in recent PRIMEHPC FX10 and FX100 servers.

Tianhe-2 (TOP500 #1 as of November 2014[36]) has a number of nodes with Galaxy FT-1500 OpenSPARC-based processors developed in China. However, those processors did not contribute to the LINPACK score.[37][38]

Latest Oracle SPARC SuperCluster model is M7 server.[39]

See also

  • ERC32 – based on SPARC V7 specification
  • Ross Technology, Inc. – A SPARC microprocessor developer during the 1980s and 1990s
  • Sparcle – modified SPARC with multiprocessing support used by the MIT Alewife project
  • LEON – A space rated SPARC V8 processor.
  • R1000 – A Russian quad-core microprocessor based on SPARC V9 specification
  • Galaxy FT-1500 – A Chinese sixteen core OpenSPARC based processor

References

  1. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ http://www.fujitsu.com/downloads/TC/sc11/sparc64-ixfx-sc11.pdf
  21. ↑ https://www.fujitsu.com/global/Images/HC25.27.910-SPARC64.pdf
  22. ↑ https://www.fujitsu.com/global/Images/HotChips24_Fujitsu_presentation.pdf
  23. ↑ http://www.fujitsu.com/global/Images/20140811hotchips26.pdf
  24. ↑ http://www.infoworld.com/d/computer-hardware/oracles-sparc-m7-chip-supercharge-in-memory-computing-248240
  25. ↑ http://www.enterprisetech.com/2014/08/13/oracle-cranks-cores-32-sparc-m7-chip/
  26. ↑ http://swisdev.oracle.com/_files/M7_Preso.pdf
  27. ↑ https://www.oracle.com/servers/sparc/resources.html
  28. ↑ http://www.hotchips.org/ Hot Chips – August 23–25, 2015 – Conf. Day1 – Oracle’s Sonoma Processor: Advanced low-cost SPARC processor for enterprise workloads by Basant Vinaik and Rahoul Puri
  29. ↑ http://www.theregister.co.uk/2015/08/24/oracle_sonoma_processor_sparc/?page=1 Blueprints revealed: Oracle crams Sparc M7 and InfiniBand into cheaper 'Sonoma' chips
  30. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  31. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  32. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  33. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  34. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  35. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  36. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  37. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  38. ↑ U.S. says China building 'entirely indigenous' supercomputer, by Patrick Thibodeau Computerworld, November 4, 2010 [1]
  39. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

External links

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