Surface-barrier transistor

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Philco Surface Barrier transistor developed and produced in 1953

The surface-barrier transistor is a type of transistor developed by Philco in 1953 as an improvement to the alloy-junction transistor and the earlier point-contact transistor. Like the modern Schottky transistor, it offered much higher speed than earlier transistors and used Metal-semiconductor junctions (instead of semiconductor–semiconductor junctions), but unlike the schottky transistor, both junctions were metal–semiconductor junctions.

Production Process

Philco used a patented process of applying two tiny electrochemical jet streams of liquid indium sulfate (electrolyte solution) on opposite sides of a thin strip of N-type germanium base material. This process would etch away and form circular well depressions on each side of the N-type germanium base material, until the germanium base material was ultra thin and having a thickness of approximately a few ten-thousandths of an inch. After the etching process was finished, the polarity applied to the electrolyte was reversed, resulting in metallic indium being electroplated into these etched circular well depressions, forming the transistor's emitter and collector electrodes.[1][2] The Philco surface-barrier transistor was the world's first high-frequency transistor to be developed and was capable of obtaining frequencies up to 60 MHz.[3]

Transistor Radios

1955 Chrysler - Philco all transistor car radio - "Breaking News" radio broadcast announcement.
File:Chrysler Imperial motor life 1955 Sept-all transistor radio.jpg
Philco's Surface-Barrier transistor shown on Motor Life (Sept 1955) magazine cover, which was also used in Chrysler's all-transistor car radio.

The world's first all-transistor car radio, was developed and produced by Chrysler and Philco in 1955. Chrysler offered this all-transistor car radio, Mopar model 914HR, available as an "option" in the fall of 1955, for its new line of 1956 Chrysler and Imperial cars. Philco was the manufacturer of these all-transistor car radios for the Chrysler Corporation and had also used its surface-barrier transistors in the radio's circuitry design.[4][5][6][7][8]

Commercial Manufacturing License Agreements

Sprague surface-barrier (SB100) transistor licensed by Philco Corporation

Starting in 1955, Philco had decided to sell commercial manufacturing license agreements with other large electronic semiconductor companies, which allowed them the right to produce and sell its high-frequency surface-barrier transistors. Sprague Electric Company was one of the first companies to purchase a license agreement from Philco in late 1955 and started to manufacture the surface-barrier transistors under its Sprague name, in early 1956. Another company to purchase a license agreement from Philco in early 1957, was Semiconductors Limited, a division of the British-based Plessey Company.[9][10][11]

Military Satellites

In 1956, Philco had developed a "improved" higher-speed version of its original surface-barrier transistor, which was used in military applications and was called the surface-barrier diffused-base transistor (SBDT). Philco had used surface diffusion of a gaseous form of phosphorus atom particles, to penetrate the surface of the intrinsic semiconductor base material. The Philco SBDT transistor was capable of operating in the UHF range.[12][13] Philco's SBDT improved surface-barrier transistor, was used in the early prototype design of the 10-milliwatt Minitrack satellite transistorized (radio beacon) transmitter, for the United States Navy Vanguard I satellite project program.[14][15][16][17]

On January 31, 1958, the United States first artificial Earth satellite was launched at Cape Canaveral in Florida, which was called Explorer 1, and was developed by the California Institute of Technology Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). The Explorer 1 satellite's payload, consisted of a low-power Microlock transistorized (radio beacon) 108.00 MHz transmitter, which was used for tracking and telemetry, and had consisted of a Philco high-frequency surface-barrier transistor in its original circuitry designs.[18]

Transistorized Computers

Philco SB100 surface-barrier transistor advertisement

The Philco high-frequency surface-barrier transistor was also the first transistor that was suitable for high-speed computers. Philco developed and produced a miniature transistorized computer brain called the "Transac" (models C-1000 and C-1100), for the Navy's jet fighter planes in 1955. "Transac" stood for "Transistor Automatic Computer." They used Philco's high-frequency surface-barriers transistors. [19][20][21][22]

In 1955, MIT's Lincoln Laboratory researchers started to design and build the first transistorized general purpose programmable 18-bit computer, called the "TX-0." It was an experimental computer, used to test transistor logic circuitry and large capacity magnetic-core memory, and was completed and operational in April 1956. The TX-0 computer's circuitry consisted of 3600 transistors and used the Philco high-frequency L-5122 surface-barrier transistor in its design. MIT's Lincoln Laboratory commenced the design and construction of a large-scale transistorized programmable 36-bit general purpose computer in 1957, which was called the "TX-2." It was operational in 1958, and utilized 22,000 transistors that included Philco high-frequency surface-barrier transistors. [23][24][25][26][27]

In June 1955, Philco was awarded a contract with the National Security Agency to build a transistorized scientific computer, which was named the "SOLO" and used high-frequency surface-barrier transistors. The SOLO transistorized computer was the world's first completely transistorized computer, and was later commercially marketed by Philco as the Transac S-1000 scientific computer model. Also, later in 1955, Philco contracted with the United States Navy David Taylor Basin Research Unit to build a larger-scale fully transistorized computer using its high-frequency surface-barrier transistor technology, named the CPXQ model. It was later commercially marketed by Philco as the Transac S-2000 electronic data processing computer model.[28][29]

During 1955-56, Ferranti-Canada was in charge of miniaturizing the Royal Canadian Navy's DATAR (Digital Automatic Tracking and Resolving) seaborne tactical data defense computer. Ferranti-Canada had used Philco's SB-100 surface barrier transistors in its experimental transistorized prototype circuitry designs.[30][31]

In late 1956, Ferranti-Canada had built the world's first experimental transistorized computer mail-sorting system (Route Reference Computer). It was delivered to the Canadian Postal System in January 1957 and was capable of sorting 36,000 letters an hour. This experimental computerized mail-sorter had used the Philco surface-barrier (SB-100) transistors in its circuitry design.[32][33]

Philco's Transac models S-1000 scientific computer and S-2000 electronic data processing computer were the world's first commercially produced large-scale all-transistor computers, which were introduced in 1957 and used these high-frequency surface-barrier transistors in its circuitry designs.[34][35][20]

In June 1957, the Burroughs Corporation transistorized ground guidance computer (AN/GSQ-33) was built and installed at Cape Canaveral missile test range, for the United States Air Force's Atlas intercontinental ballistic missile defense system (ICBM). This transistorized ground guidance Atlas computer system was designed by Burroughs engineer Issac Auerbach and used Philco's high-frequency surface-barrier transistors in its circuitry design.[36]

File:Philco surface barrier - Univac Transtec test computer--1957.jpg
Univac TRANSTEC "test" transistorized computer with plug-in logic circuit board using Philco surface-barrier transistors.

In 1956-57, Remington Rand St. Paul Univac-division of Sperry Rand Corporation, had designed and built a transistorized "test" computer for the United States Air Force, which was called "TRANSTEC". It was designed by Univac's St. Paul engineer Seymour Cray, and used the Philco's high-frequency surface-barrier transistors in its computer's circuitry design. This was Univac's first computer designed with transistors and was used to test transistor logic circuits and also its speed and reliability, compared to magnetic amplifier (MAGSTEC) and vacuum tube circuit computers. After Univac had demonstrated the TRANSTEC computer to the United States Air Force, it was awarded a contract to build a transistorized ground guidance (Athena) ICBM defense computer.[37]

In 1957, Remington Rand St. Paul Univac-division of Sperry Rand Corporation, had built a transistorized ground guidance Athena computer, for the United States Air Force's Titan 1 intercontinental ballistic missile defense system (ICBM). It was designed by Univac's St. Paul engineer Seymour Cray, and used the Philco's high-frequency surface-barrier transistors in its computer's circuitry design.[38][39]

In March 1958, Remington Rand St. Paul Univac-division of Sperry Rand Corporation, had built and delivered a transistorized 30-bit AN/USQ-17 computer, for the United States Navy Tactical Data System (NTDS). It was designed by Univac's St. Paul engineer Seymour Cray starting on January 1957, and used the Philco's high-frequency surface-barrier transistors in its computer's circuitry design.[40] [41]

File:Univac LARC supercomputer circuit board=1960.JPG
Univac LARC transistorized supercomputer memory-read amplifier circuit board using Philco's surface-barrier transistors-1960

Philco's high-frequency surface-barrier transistors was also used in the circuitry design of the first transistorized supercomputer. It was called the UNIVAC LARC (Livermore Advanced Research Computer) that was built by Remington Rand Philadelphia Univac-division of Sperry Rand Corporation and was delivered to the Atomic Energy Commission-University of California's Lawrence Radiation Laboratory in May 1960. A second Univac LARC transistorized supercomputer, using Philco's surface-barrier transistor technology, was contracted and delivered in October 1960 to the United States Navy-David Taylor Basin Research Unit.[42][43][28][44][45]

The surface-barrier transistor became obsolete in the early 1960s with the development of the planar diffusion transistor.

References

  1. ↑ Wall Street Journal, Dec 04 1953, page 4, Article "Philco Claims Its Transistor Outperforms Others Now In Use"
  2. ↑ Electronics magazine, January 1954, Article "Electroplated Transistors Announced"
  3. ↑ Proceeding of the IRE, Dec 1953, Author: W.E. Bradley – Philco Corp., Research Division, Volume 41 issue 12, pages 1702–1706
  4. ↑ Wall Street Journal, "Chrysler Promises Car Radio With Transistors Instead of Tubes in '56", April 28th 1955, page 1
  5. ↑ Los Angeles Times, May 08, 1955, page A20, Article: "Chrysler Announces New Transistor Radio"
  6. ↑ Philco TechRep Division Bulletin, May–June 1955, Volume 5 Number 3, page 28
  7. ↑ Walter P. Chrysler Museum, http://www.chryslergroupllc.com/company/Heritage/Pages/Chrysler-Heritage-1950.aspx
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Sprague Log, Volume 18 No.7, March 1956, Annual report information for year ending 1955
  10. ↑ Wall Street Journal, May 03, 1957, Article: "Philco, Plessey Form New Firm to Produce New Transistors in England"
  11. ↑ Walter P. Chrysler Museum, http://www.chryslergroupllc.com/company/Heritage/Pages/Chrysler-Heritage-1950.aspx
  12. ↑ A High Frequency Transistor Analysis by James K. Keihner, 1956
  13. ↑ Electrical Engineering Magazine, October 1956, P.960, Article" Mechanized Process Mass Produces UHF Transistors"
  14. ↑ U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Unclassified Project Vanguard Report No.11 Progress Through November 15, 1956, Report dated: January 03, 1956, page 22
  15. ↑ U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Unclassified Project Vanguard Report No.12 Progress Through December 15, 1956, Report dated: January 16, 1957, page 14
  16. ↑ Pacific Stars and Stripes Newspaper, September 08, 1956, p.6
  17. ↑ 1956 Year-End Philco Annual Report, Research and Engineering, p.5
  18. ↑ Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Unclassified Technical Report No. 32-31, Juno Final Report Volume 1, September 6, 1960, p.22
  19. ↑ Inventing the Electronic Century, Author: Alfred Dupont Chandler Jr., Page 40
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Here: page 2
  21. ↑ The Philco Serviceman, September 1955, Volume 23 No.9
  22. ↑ Wall Street Journal, Article: "Radio Men Told Of Rapid Counter", March 25, 1955
  23. ↑ http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/?year=1956
  24. ↑ MIT Research Laboratory of Electronics, TX-0 History, RLE Technical Report 627, June 1999, Author: John A. Mckensie
  25. ↑ Smithsonian Natural Museum of American History, Interview with Ken Olsen, September 28-29, 1988
  26. ↑ Lincoln Laboratory MIT Report, The Lincoln TX-2 Computer Development by Wesley A. Clark, April 1, 1957
  27. ↑ Lincoln Laboratory Journal, Volume 19, Number 1, 2012, The TX-2 Computer and Sketchpad, p 82
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  29. ↑ NSA Unclassified article report, "Influence of U.S. Cryptologic Organizations on the Digital Computer Industry, Author: Samuel S. Snyder, Volume 7 No.4 and Volume 8 No.2
  30. ↑ IEEE Global History Network, DATAR - First Digital Computer/Communications System for Anti-Submarine Warfare
  31. ↑ The Computer Revolution in Canada: Building National Technological Competence, chapter 3, p.100, Author:John N. Vardalas
  32. ↑ The Computer Revolution in Canada: Building National Technological Competence, Author: John N. Vardalas, Pages 115-117
  33. ↑ Ferranti-Packard: Pioneers in Canadian Electrical Manufacturing, Authors: Norman R. Ball, John N. Vardalas, Page 240
  34. ↑ Digital Computer Newsletter, Office of Naval Research (unclassified), April 1957, pages 7–8
  35. ↑ Chicago Tribune, March 23, 1958, Article: "All Transistor Computer Put on Market by Philco", page A11
  36. ↑ Unisys History Newsletter, Volume 3 Number 1, March 1999, Author: George Gray
  37. ↑ When Computers Went To Sea: The Digitization of the United States Navy, Author: David L. Boslaugh, pp. 113-115
  38. ↑ Unisys History Newsletter, Volume 3 Number 4, August 1999, Author: George Gray
  39. ↑ The Athena Computer-A Reliability Report, Authors: L.W. Reid, G.A. Raymond, 1958, p.22
  40. ↑ IEEE Global History Network, First Hand:Testing The Naval Tactical Data System, Chapter 5, Author: David L. Boslaugh
  41. ↑ IEEE Global History Network, First Hand:Building the U.S. Navy's First Seagoing Digital System, Chapter 4, Author: David L. Boslaugh
  42. ↑ Article: The Remington Rand Univac LARC, Author: Charles Cole, Website: www.computer-history.info
  43. ↑ Chicago Daily Tribune, May 05 1960, page D4, Article " Univac Begins 5 Truck Move Across Nation"
  44. ↑ Office of Navy Research-Digital Computer Newsletter, Volume 13 Nos.1 and 2, Jan. 1961, Unclassified-information released to general public
  45. ↑ http://www.vintchip.com/mainframe/UNIVACLARC/UNIVACLARC.html

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