Symphony No. 4 (Mahler)

The Symphony No. 4 in G major by Gustav Mahler was written in 1899 and 1900, though it incorporates a song originally written in 1892. The song, "Das himmlische Leben", presents a child's vision of Heaven. It is sung by a soprano in the work's fourth and last movement. Although typically described as being in the key of G major, the symphony employs a progressive tonal scheme ('(b)/G--E').

Composition

Mahler's first four symphonies are often referred to as the "Wunderhorn" symphonies because many of their themes originate in earlier songs by Mahler on texts from Des Knaben Wunderhorn (The Youth's Magic Horn). The fourth symphony is built around a single song, "Das himmlische Leben". It is prefigured in various ways in the first three movements and sung in its entirety by a solo soprano in the fourth movement.

Mahler composed "Das himmlische Leben" as a free-standing piece in 1892. The title is Mahler's own: in the Wunderhorn collection the poem is called "Der Himmel hängt voll Geigen" (an idiomatic expression akin to "there's not a cloud in the sky"). Several years later Mahler considered using the song in the fifth and seventh movement, the finale, of his Third symphony. While motifs from "Das himmlische Leben" are found in the Third symphony, Mahler eventually decided not to include it in that work and, instead, made the song the goal and source of his Fourth Symphony. The Fourth Symphony thus presents a thematic fulfilment of the musical world of the Third, which is part of the larger tetralogy of the first four symphonies, as Mahler described them to Natalie Bauer-Lechner. Early plans in which the Symphony was projected as a six-movement work included another Wunderhorn song, "Das irdische Leben" ("Earthly Life") as a somber pendant to "Das himmlische Leben," offering a tableau of childhood starvation in juxtaposition to heavenly abundance, but Mahler later decided on a simpler structure for the score.

Structure

A typical performance of the Fourth lasts about an hour, making it one of Mahler's shorter symphonies. The performing forces are also small by Mahler's usual standard. These features have made it the most frequently performed Mahler symphony, though in recent years the First has gained ground.

The movements of the symphony:

1. Bedächtig, nicht eilen (Moderately, not rushed) (Sonata Form)
2. In gemächlicher Bewegung, ohne Hast (Leisurely moving, without haste) (Scherzo & Trio)
3. Ruhevoll, poco adagio (Peacefully, somewhat slowly) (Theme & Variations)
4. Sehr behaglich (Very comfortably) (Strophic)

Flutes and sleigh bells open the unusually restrained first movement (and used later with a melodic theme known commonly as the 'bell theme', which helps define sections throughout the movement) often described as possessing classical poise. <score vorbis="1"> \relative c { \clef treble \numericTimeSignature \time 4/4 \key g \major \slashedGrace { g'8( } <fis b,>8-.)\p \slashedGrace { g( } <fis b,>-.) \slashedGrace { g( } <fis b,>-.) \slashedGrace { g( } <fis b,>-.) \slashedGrace { g( } <fis b,>-.) \slashedGrace { g( } <fis b,>-.) \slashedGrace { g( } <fis b,>-.) \slashedGrace { g( } <fis b,>-.) } </score> As would be expected for the first movement of a symphony, the first movement of Mahler's Symphony No. 4 is in sonata form. Primary Theme: <score vorbis="1"> \relative c { \clef treble \key g \major \numericTimeSignature \time 4/4 \partial 8*3 d8(\p\upbow^"grazioso"\< e fis\!\glissando | g\pp b,16) r b4.(\downbow c32 b a b c8 d ) | dis4( e4.)\< fis16\!->( e\> d c b a)\! | g8.([ a16 b8. c16)] cis( d e d) \grace { c!8([ d] } c16-> b c a) | g8-. } </score> Secondary Theme: <score vorbis="1"> \relative c' { \clef treble \key d \major \numericTimeSignature \time 4/4 \partial 8*1 a8\p(\downbow fis'4--) fis-- fis4.-- fis8( | g\< fis g e)\!\glissando b'4(\> a)\!\breathe } </score>

The second movement is a scherzo that features a part for a solo violin whose strings are tuned a tone higher than usual.
<score vorbis="1"> \relative c { \clef treble \time 3/8 \key c \minor \partial 16*3 b16\mf(\< ees g\! | fis8.\p\< d16 b\!\f f') | ees(\p f ees d c ees) | des( c des) f-. ees-. d-. | ees(\>[ d c\!)] } </score> The violin depicts Freund Hein, (lit. "Friend Henry") a figure from medieval German art; Hain (or Hein) is a traditional German personification of death, invented by poet Matthias Claudius. Freund Hein is a skeleton who plays the fiddle and leads a Totentanz or "danse macabre". According to Mahler's widow, Alma, Mahler took inspiration for this movement from an 1872 painting by the Swiss artist Arnold Bocklin entitled Self-Portrait with Death playing the Fiddle. The scherzo represents his dance and the unusual tuning of the violin adds tension to its sound and contributes to the music's ghostly character.

The third movement is a solemn processional march cast as a set of variations. Mahler uses the theme and variation structure in a more unconventional way. This movement can be divided into five main sections: A1 – B1 – A2 – B2 – A3 – CODA. The theme is presented in the first 16 bars of A1, <score vorbis="1"> \relative c' { \clef treble \key g \major \numericTimeSignature \time 4/4 b1\pp( | c) | d2..( e8) | e1 | fis2.( g4) | a2( fis4 g) | a( c b g) | fis( e d a8 b) | c1( | b2.) c8( d) | e2( d4 cis) | d2. e8( fis) | g2( fis4 e) | fis( e d2)\glissando | e4( d) c( b) | b2( a) } </score> but the true variations don't appear until section A3, although the theme is developed slightly within the preceding sections; sections A1, A2, B1 and B2 are in bar form. This movement remains mostly in G major, but does modulate to D minor, E minor and E major; the B2 section has a rather unstable tonality, being more chromatic and moving through many keys.

The fourth movement opens with a relaxed, bucolic scene in G major. <score vorbis="1"> \relative c' { \clef treble \key g \major \numericTimeSignature \time 4/4 \partial 4*1 \times 2/3 { d8(\pp b' g } | d'2 \slashedGrace { e8 } d2-> | \slashedGrace { e8 } d2-> \slashedGrace { c8 } b8.->[ a16 g8.-> a16] | d,2->) } </score> A child, voiced by a soprano, presents a sunny, naive vision of Heaven and describes the feast being prepared for all the saints. <score vorbis="1"> \relative c' { \clef treble \key g \major \autoBeamOff \numericTimeSignature \time 4/4 r d8 d d4 b'8 g | d'8.[( e16 d8. e16] d8.[ e16 d8. e16] | \times 2/3 { d8[ c b]) } \times 2/3 { a[ b] g } d8.([ e16)] d8 } \addlyrics { Wir ge- nie- ssen die himm- li- schen Freu- den, } </score> The scene has its darker elements: the child makes it clear that the heavenly feast takes place at the expense of animals, including a sacrificed lamb. The child's narrative is punctuated by faster passages recapitulating the first movement. Unlike the final movement of traditional symphonies, the fourth movement of Mahler's No. 4 is essentially a song, containing verses, with interludes, a prelude and a postlude (a strophic structure). By the time the postlude is heard, there is a modulation to E major (the tonic major of the relative minor) and unusually stays in this key, ending the symphony away from the tonic of G major. Several ties to the Third Symphony can be heard in these passages as well.

Instrumentation

The symphony is scored for a fairly small orchestra by Mahler's standards, without trombones or tuba. It is scored for the following orchestral forces:

• woodwinds: 4 flutes (flutes 3 and 4 doubling piccolos), 3 oboes (oboe 3 doubles cor anglais), 3 clarinets in A, B♭, C (clarinet 2 doubles clarinet in E♭ and clarinet 3 doubles bass clarinet), 3 bassoons (bassoon 3 doubles contrabassoon)
• brass: 4 horns in F, 3 trumpets in F and B♭
• percussion: timpani, bass drum, cymbals, sleigh bells, triangle, tam-tam, glockenspiel
• voices: soprano soloist (in fourth movement only)
• strings: harp, violins I, II, violas, cellos, double basses

Fourth movement text

Das himmlische Leben (aus Des Knaben Wunderhorn) Wir genießen die himmlischen Freuden, D'rum tun wir das Irdische meiden. Kein weltlich' Getümmel Hört man nicht im Himmel! Lebt alles in sanftester Ruh'. Wir führen ein englisches Leben, Sind dennoch ganz lustig daneben; Wir tanzen und springen, Wir hüpfen und singen, Sankt Peter im Himmel sieht zu. Johannes das Lämmlein auslasset, Der Metzger Herodes d'rauf passet. Wir führen ein geduldig's, Unschuldig's, geduldig's, Ein liebliches Lämmlein zu Tod. Sankt Lucas den Ochsen tät schlachten Ohn' einig's Bedenken und Achten. Der Wein kost' kein Heller Im himmlischen Keller; Die Englein, die backen das Brot. Gut' Kräuter von allerhand Arten, Die wachsen im himmlischen Garten, Gut' Spargel, Fisolen Und was wir nur wollen. Ganze Schüsseln voll sind uns bereit! Gut' Äpfel, gut' Birn' und gut' Trauben; Die Gärtner, die alles erlauben. Willst Rehbock, willst Hasen, Auf offener Straßen Sie laufen herbei! Sollt' ein Fasttag etwa kommen, Alle Fische gleich mit Freuden angeschwommen! Dort läuft schon Sankt Peter Mit Netz und mit Köder Zum himmlischen Weiher hinein. Sankt Martha die Köchin muß sein. Kein' Musik ist ja nicht auf Erden, Die unsrer verglichen kann werden. Elftausend Jungfrauen Zu tanzen sich trauen. Sankt Ursula selbst dazu lacht. Kein' Musik ist ja nicht auf Erden, Die unsrer verglichen kann werden. Cäcilia mit ihren Verwandten Sind treffliche Hofmusikanten! Die englischen Stimmen Ermuntern die Sinnen, Daß alles für Freuden erwacht.

The Heavenly Life (from Des Knaben Wunderhorn) We enjoy heavenly pleasures and therefore avoid earthly ones. No worldly tumult is to be heard in heaven. All live in greatest peace. We lead angelic lives, yet have a merry time of it besides. We dance and we spring, We skip and we sing. Saint Peter in heaven looks on. John lets the lambkin out, and Herod the Butcher lies in wait for it. We lead a patient, an innocent, patient, dear little lamb to its death. Saint Luke slaughters the ox without any thought or concern. Wine doesn't cost a penny in the heavenly cellars; The angels bake the bread. Good greens of every sort grow in the heavenly vegetable patch, good asparagus, string beans, and whatever we want. Whole dishfuls are set for us! Good apples, good pears and good grapes, and gardeners who allow everything! If you want roebuck or hare, on the public streets they come running right up. Should a fast day come along, all the fishes at once come swimming with joy. There goes Saint Peter running with his net and his bait to the heavenly pond. Saint Martha must be the cook. There is just no music on earth that can compare to ours. Even the eleven thousand virgins venture to dance, and Saint Ursula herself has to laugh. There is just no music on earth that can compare to ours. Cecilia and all her relations make excellent court musicians. The angelic voices gladden our senses, so that all awaken for joy.

Premieres

• World premiere: 25 November 1901, Munich, Margarete Michalek (soprano) with the Kaim Orchestra conducted by the composer.
• Dutch premiere: 23 October 1904, Amsterdam, with the composer conducting the Concertgebouw Orchestra in a concert that actually contained two performances of the work (In her memoirs, Alma Mahler incorrectly claims that the second performance was conducted by Willem Mengelberg).
• American premiere: 6 November 1904, New York City, Etta de Montjau (soprano) with the New York Symphony Society conducted by Walter Damrosch.
• British premiere: 25 October 1905, London, in a Proms concert conducted by Henry Wood. Wood's then wife, Olga Michailoff, sang the soprano part.
• Recording premiere: May 1930, Eiko Kitazawa (soprano) with the New Symphony Orchestra of Tokyo conducted by Hidemaro Konoye, Japanese Parlophone. This was also the first electrical recording of any Mahler symphony.
• Boy soprano premiere: 1983, Jamie Westman performed and recorded the 4th symphony with Benjamin Zander and the Boston Philharmonic Orchestra. Westman performed the symphony extensively throughout Europe in 1984. Gustav Mahler's granddaughter Marina Fistoulari-Mahler attended one of his performances at the Musikverein in Vienna.

Sources

• James L. Zychowicz. Mahler's Fourth Symphony, Studies in Musical Genesis and Structure. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.

External links

• Extensive history and analysis by renowned Mahler scholar Henry Louis de La Grange
• Full text of the song (with English translation)
• Media:
  • Kunst der Fuge: Mahler's 4th Symphony (MIDI files)
  • 1st movement (extract), 3rd movement (extract). London Symphony Orchestra, Valery Gergiev (conductor). Recorded January 2008, Barbican, London.
  • Discovering Music, BBC Radio 3.