Tagmeme

For the Tagmemics punk band, see The Art Attacks.

"Noeme" redirects here. For the agent of the global brain, see Technoself § Noeme.

A tagmeme is the smallest functional element in the grammatical structure of a language. The term was introduced in the 1930s by the linguist Leonard Bloomfield, who defined it as the smallest meaningful unit of grammatical form (analogous to the morpheme, defined as the smallest meaningful unit of lexical form). The term was later adopted, and its meaning broadened, by Kenneth Pike and others, beginning in the 1950s, who used it as the basis for their tagmemics.

Bloomfield's scheme

According to the scheme set out by Leonard Bloomfield in his book Language (1933), the tagmeme is the smallest meaningful unit of grammatical form. A tagmeme consists of one or more taxemes, where a taxeme is a primitive grammatical feature, in the same way that a phoneme is a primitive phonological feature. Taxemes and phonemes do not as a rule have meaning on their own, but combine into tagmemes and morphemes respectively, which do carry meaning.

For example, an utterance such as "John runs" exemplifies a tagmeme whose meaning is that an actor performs an action. The taxemes making up this tagmeme include the selection of a nominative expression, the selection of a finite verb expression, and the ordering of the two such that the nominative expression precedes the finite verb expression.

Bloomfield makes the taxeme and tagmeme part of a system of emic units, as follows:

• The smallest (and meaningless) unit of linguistic signaling is the pheneme; this may be either lexical (phoneme) or grammatical (taxeme).
• The smallest meaningful unit of linguistic signaling is the glosseme; this may be either lexical (morpheme) or grammatical (tagmeme).
• The meaning of a glosseme is a noeme; this may be either a sememe (the meaning of a morpheme) or an episememe (the meaning of a tagmeme).

More generally, he defines any meaningful unit of linguistic signaling (not necessarily smallest) as a linguistic form, and its meaning as a linguistic meaning; it may be either a lexical form (with a lexical meaning) or a grammatical form (with a grammatical meaning).

Pike and tagmemics

Bloomfield's term was adopted by Kenneth Pike and others, to denote what they had previously been calling the grammeme (earlier grameme). Pike's approach is consequently called tagmemics. In tagmemics, the hierarchical organization of levels (e.g. in syntax: word, phrase, sentence, paragraph, discourse) results from the fact that the elements of a tagmeme on a higher level (e.g. 'sentence') are analyzed as syntagmemes on the next lower level (e.g. 'phrase').

The tagmeme is the correlation of a syntagmatic function (e.g. subject, object) and paradigmatic fillers (e.g. nouns, pronouns, or proper nouns as possible fillers of the subject position). Tagmemes combine to form syntagmemes: a syntagmeme is a syntactic construction, viewed as a sequence of the tagmemes of which it consists.

Tagmemics as a linguistic theory was developed by Pike in his book Language in Relation to a Unified Theory of the Structure of Human Behavior, 3 vol. (1954–1960). It was primarily designed to assist linguists to efficiently extract coherent descriptions out of corpora of field work data. Tagmemics is particularly associated with the Summer Institute of Linguistics, an association of missionary linguists devoted largely to Bible translations, of which Pike was one of the earliest members.

Tagmemics makes the kind of distinction made between phone and phoneme in phonology and phonetics at higher levels of linguistic analysis (grammatical and semantic); for instance, contextually conditioned synonyms are considered different instances of a single tagmeme, as sounds which are (in a given language) contextually conditioned are allophones of a single phoneme. The emic and etic distinction can also be applied in other social sciences.

Bibliography

• Cook, Walter A. 1969. Introduction to tagmemic analysis. Volume 3 in Transatlantic Series in Linguistics. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
• Longacre, Robert E. 1965. "Some fundamental insights of tagmemics". In Language 41, pp. 65-76
• Pike, Kenneth L. 1967. Language in relation to a unified theory of the structure of human behavior. Vol. 32 in Janua Linguarum, Series Maior. The Hague: Mouton.
• ———. 1982. Linguistic concepts: An introduction to tagmemics. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-3664-6.
• Trask, R. L. 1993. A Dictionary of Grammatical Terms in Linguistics. London / New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-07809-1 / ISBN 0-415-07810-5.
• Waterhouse, Viola G. 1974. The history and development of tagmemics. Vol. 16 in Janua Linguarum, Series Critica. The Hague: Mouton.

External links

• The Tagmemics Page (Dr. Bruce L. Edwards)
• Tagmemics: The linguistic theory of everything (Joe Kissell)
• SIL Bibliography on Tagmemics
• Overview of Tagmemics as Children's Bookde:Tagmemik