The American University of Iraq – Sulaimani

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The American University of Iraq, Sulaimani
200px
Motto Learn Today, Lead Tomorrow
Type Private
Established 2007
Chairman Barham Salih
President Esther Mulnix
Academic staff
 75
Students 1391[1]
Location
Sulaimani
,
Iraq
Campus Urban 400 acres
Colors      Blue
     Gold
Nickname AUIS
Mascot Eagle
Website auis.edu.krd

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The American University of Iraq, Sulaimani, (AUIS) is nonprofit private institution for public benefit in the Iraqi Kurdistan and is located in the cultural capital of the region, Sulaimani.[2] The University offers an American-style liberal arts education to students from various economic, ethnic and religious backgrounds. Since its foundation in 2007, the University has been committed to producing knowledgeable and skilled graduates.[3]

The University opened its doors in 2007 to 45 students from across Iraq. By the end of its second year, the university had 256 enrolled students, 20 of which were in the MBA program.[4] Today, AUIS provides undergraduates with instruction in humanities, social sciences, natural sciences, information technology, business and engineering. The language of instruction at AUIS is exclusively English. Students with low English scores are required to complete the Academic Preparatory Program, where they improve their English language skills and learn critical thinking, before entering the undergraduate programs.[5]

History

The American University of Iraq, Sulaimani was founded in 2006 by a Board of Trustees who set out to establish an institution dedicated to offering a comprehensive, American-style education in Iraq.[2][6] The University, modeled after the famous private universities in Cairo and Beirut, was created amid the turmoils of war but in the relatively secure Kurdish region of Iraq. The purpose of founding such a university, according to Dr. Barham Salih was to stimulate reform in the Iraqi education system. Its location, however, was contested by Arab education officials in Baghdad who argued that the university should be built there and not in a region with historically secessionist ambitions.[7]

Intellectuals such as Kanan Makiya, Fouad Ajami and John Agresto, many of whom supported the 2003 American invasion, supported the establishment of AUIS. John Agresto went on to become the University’s Acting Chancellor for a brief interregnum, after serving as a Coalition Provisional Authority Senior Advisor to the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research in Baghdad. Joshua Mitchell, professor of political theory at Georgetown University became Acting Chancellor in 2008 and remained in his position for two years while on leave from Georgetown.[8] From 2010 to 2013, Athanasios Moulakis served as Acting President and he continues to hold the title of President Emeritus of the University. In May 2013, the Board of Trustees chose Dawn Dekle as president. She became the first female president of an Iraqi university when she took up her position at AUIS. She ended her tenure at AUIS in November 2014 due to family circumstances.[9] Esther Mulnix was chosen to serve as interim president after Dekle’s departure.[10]

Campus

File:AUIS Campus.JPG
AUIS new campus

The main campus has 169-hectares of land situated on the Sulaimani-Kirkuk Road, close to the University of Sulaymaniyah. Construction of the campus was completed at the start of the academic year in 2011. The campus has several buildings, including an administrative building with a multipurpose auditorium, an academic building, a state-of-the-art science labs, a gym, male and female dormitories, as well as two basketball courts and one soccer field. The AUIS library is located in the academic building while its cafeteria is housed in the administrative building. AUIS is currently located just outside the city limits of Sulaimani.[11] The AUIS academic building opened in October 2011 while its administrative building opened in the spring semester of 2012.[11][12] Moreover, the new student dorm facilities opened in November 2012.[12][13]

Former campus

AUIS was first located in a temporary campus in the heart of Sulaimani.[12] The campus consisted of about 50 temporary classrooms and offices built near a main administrative building, which housed the university's cafeteria, library, and several large classrooms.[12] As of 2012, the former campus is an admission campus.[12]

Organization

The University has a Board of Trustees composed of prominent Iraqi and American leaders from across a wide range of sectors, including government, business, nonprofit and education sectors. The Board of Trustees oversees the management and operations of the University and is a self-perpetuating body that establishes it policies.[14]

Academics

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Academic Preparatory Program

The Academic Preparatory Program (APP) prepares non-native English speaking high school graduates to undertake undergraduate studies at AUIS. In addition to English Language skills, they teach critical thinking and study habits. The APP ensures that students have the necessary proficiency in English reading, speaking and writing along with awareness of academic cultural norms and expectations to succeed in their undergraduates studies at AUIS.[15]

Undergraduate Program

The Undergraduate program at AUIS is modeled after the liberal American-style of education and includes seven different majors. AUIS undergraduates explore different disciplines before choosing a major. The six different departments at AUIS include the Department of Business Administration, Engineering, English and Journalism, Information Technology, Social Sciences and Mathematics and Natural Sciences. Students also have the option of pursuing a secondary course of study in addition to their degree program.[16]

All instruction at AUIS is in English, and all language instructors are native English speakers.[6]

Graduate programs

AUIS offers an MBA program through its Professional Development Institute.[12][13]

Professional Development Institute

The Professional Development Institute (PDI) complements the educational objectives of the American University of Iraq, Sulaimani by providing opportunities for lifelong learning through programs and services that enables participants to develop the knowledge and skills necessary to achieve personal and professional goals, improve the productivity of organizations, and provide leadership and service to their communities.[17] PDI is a certified Cisco Academy and is accredited by the Association of Chartered Certified Account, the Project Management Institute and ICDL. PDI has also been certified as a PMI Registered Education Provider.[18]

Student Life and Culture

AUIS provides a thriving and vibrant culture of extracurricular activities and sports on campus. Students can take part in many activities including drama, debate, linguistics, music, athletics, social work and indoor games like chess. There are several clubs and societies as well as sports and athletic teams for both men and women at AUIS. Throughout the year, these clubs and societies arrange events and meet to engage more students in creative, extracurricular initiatives.[19] The University frequently takes part in arranging cultural events outside the campus as well. In 2013, the Drama Club and English Department joined forces to hold The Art of Social Justice - a one-week festival celebrating creative arts. The festival, backed by the US State Department, hosted performances, workshops, discussions and field trips by renowned American and Iraqi artists. Later, AUIS senior lecturer Marie Labrosse published a book, SoJust, that chronicled the arts festival in Sulaimani.[20]

The University has also held events and performances at important cultural landmarks like the Cultural Cafe and Chai Xana Sha’ab, in keeping with the strong traditions of the cultural capital of Kurdistan. It has also held various poetry recitations, like the Poetry Slam,[21] and the poetry workshop at Koc University in Istanbul.[22] AUIS students are generally very active in volunteer and social work. They have led several charity drives, cook-offs, and international donation initiatives to help the displaced persons and refugees from Iraq and Syria, in partnership with organisations like Kurdistan Save the Children. Most of these initiatives are led by students independently. Startup Weekend Slemani[23] is another independent initiative, pioneered predominantly by a group of talented AUIS alumni. The popular event brings together professionals and young entrepreneurs to encourage startup companies and businesses in Kurdistan.

Clubs and Societies

Several clubs and societies at AUIS allow students with similar interests to mingle with each other, and hone their extracurricular skills. The student organisations vary from developing professional skills like IT and business; to creative arts like anime, drama, music, debate, and literature; to indoor games like chess; as well as sports, hiking and cycling. The AUIS drama club produces plays and dramas throughout the year. Some of their excellent productions include “Twelve Angry (Wo)men”,[24] “Noor”, “Will’s Cafe”[25] - a play to celebrate Shakespeare's 450th birthday; and “The Arranged” - a commentary on the tradition of arranged marriages also written by a student Mahdi Murad,[26] and “9 Parts of Desire” - performed during the Art of Social Justice Festival focussing on Iraqi migrant women. In December 2015, two AUIS students, Leah Farooq and Beyan Tahir, were selected to participate in the Home Grown program - an intensive theatrical training provided jointly by the Kevin Spacey Foundation and The Middle East Theatre Academy. The students were part of a troupe of 35 talented young people scouted from all over the Middle East for the workshop. Both participants selected from Iraq were students at AUIS. The workshop culminated in a theatrical performance in Sharjah on January 25, 2015.[27] Kevin Spacey trained the students and watched their performance in Sharjah.[28] AUIS also hosts the offices of the first independent, English language, student newspaper in Iraq, The AUIS Voice. The AUIS Voice is run by an editorial board composed solely of students, and is published biweekly. The Washington Post included two pictures of the AUIS Voice staff in a photo collection titled “Youths in Iraq: The War Generation.”[29] AUIS Voice is also a member of the Associated Collegiate Press. The editorial board selects new editors in the beginning of the fall semester, and the paper is regularly published throughout the fall and spring semester.[30]

Athletics

Student at AUIS, both men and women, are able to be active in sports. The University has two basketball courts and one football field on campus. The official mascot for the athletics teams is the Eagle, and the teams include men’s and women’s basketball and football, ping-pong or table tennis, and tai chi. The teams play intercollegiate as well as intramural matches at AUIS, and have also been on international tours. Students on both the women’s and men’s basketball team at AUIS participated in the 34th Annual Sports Fest at Boğaziçi Üniversitesi in 2014.[31] In 2011, a documentary made by an American film company gained international recognition for the women’s basketball team. The film Salaam Dunk was shown at several international film festivals including Chicago International film festival and Los Angeles film festival.[32]

Institute of Regional and International Studies

AUIS houses Sulaimani’s independent research centre, the Institute of Regional and International Studies (IRIS). The centre focuses on the local, regional, and international, social and political issues through research, scholarships, debate and conferences. According to the university website, the institute “examines the region’s most complex issues through rigorous scholarship, advanced research, and open dialogue among academic and influential public leaders.”[33] The centre conducts meetings, round-tables, conferences and lectures on topics pertinent to the local and regional politics. It invites leading figures from the government, political parties, businesses, historical and cultural institutions to have meaningful dialogues on issues and challenges pertinent to the region. Housed in a tolerant and diverse institution, IRIS provides a neutral space for open and critical dialogue on challenging topics. The centre runs one of the most strategic conferences, the Sulaimani Forum, which has rapidly gained recognition throughout the region.[33] Christine van den Toorn became IRIS Director in 2015. She writes for local and international publications and is frequently quoted and interviewed about local and regional issues in Kurdistan and Iraq in Al-Jazeera,[34] The Daily Beast,[35] the podcast Iraq Matters[36] and Musings on Iraq.[37] She is the director and founder of The Primary Source, which provides research and reporting services to the KRG and wider Iraq.[38]

Sulaimani Forum

The Institute of Regional and International Studies (IRIS) at AUIS organises an annual forum to open dialogue and debate on the challenging regional political issues concerning the Middle East. The Sulaimani Forum is held in March/April every year and focuses on the most pressing local and regional issues through in-depth panel discussions and debates.[39] The forum invites prominent speakers and specialists on the topic from both within Iraq, the wider region and Europe and the United States. The forum is covered extensively by the local and international media. During the inaugural Forum in 2013, the event trended on twitter with #SulaimaniForum in Egypt and Iraq.[40] The hashtag #suliforum created quite a buzz on twitter during the second Sulaimani Forum in 2014.[41] The first Sulaimani Forum, in March 2013 held at AUIS, explored the changing dynamics of the Middle East. The forum created a very open debate on issues such as Iraq’s internal and external relations, oil, security, Kurdistan and the Arab Spring, etc. The speakers and panelists included distinguished names such as Hoshyar Zebari, Zalmay Khalilzad, and Max Rodenbeck among others. “For an Iraqi Kurd and someone who has attended many such events around the world, the Sulaimani Forum provided the most relevant discussions on Iraq, its politics and future” reviewed notable Kurdish journalist and commentator Hiwa Osman on his blog.[42] The second Sulaimani Forum, “Navigating Challenges in the Middle East” brought together experts from around the region on 4–5 March 2014. More notably, the distinguished list of speakers included Nechirvan Barzani, Prime Minister of the KRG, who gave a speech at the forum.[43] Others included Hoshyar Zebari, Ahmet Davutoğlu, Zalmay Khalilzad, Falah Al Fayad and Bernard Kouchner. This forum was also covered extensively by several media and publications.[44] “While its unofficial epithet, The Davos of the Middle East, may be ambitious, the 2014 Sulaimani Forum, hosted by the American University of Iraq, Sulaimani (AUIS) on March 4th and 5th, was not far off the mark—especially considering that this year’s annual Forum was only the second of its kind.” reviewed the Invest In Group, covering the highlights of the Forum.[45]

The third annual Sulaimani Forum will be hosted at AUIS on 11–12 March 2015.[39]

IRIS Fellowship

The Institute provides grants and assistance to visiting faculty to pursue research projects pertinent to the region. The fellows are provided research grants as well as research assistance by their students. Most visiting fellows are encouraged to teach courses relevant to the research as well. The 2014-15 fellows include Maria Fantappie, Maria Saldarriaga, and Vanessa Iaria.[46] Fantappie was a visiting scholar at the Carnegie Middle East Centre in Beirut,[47] has worked for the International Crisis Group in Iraq, and is considered a specialist on Kurdish issues.[48] She has written extensively, on the Kurdish issues and Iraq’s domestic political challenges. In March 2014, she was interviewed for ‘Inside the Middle East’ Q&A series hosted by the Belfer Centre. She has published several reports on Iraq, Syria, and the rising issue of the Kurds in the region for the International Crisis Group.[49][50] Her research at AUIS focuses on the Kurdish youth and their relationship with the traditional Kurdish political parties.[46]

One of the 2013-14 IRIS fellows is Bilal Wahab - a lecturer of social sciences at AUIS, and a notable commentator on issues related to Kurdistan especially oil and energy policies in Iraq.[51] As part of his fellowship, Dr. Wahab published on Iraq and KRG’s energy policies.[52] His interviews and quotes appear frequently in Invest In Group,[53] Rudaw,[54] NPR[55] and PUKMedia,[56] etc. He has appeared as a panelist in a discussion on national reconciliation prospects in Iraq and Syria at the Johns Hopkins University in Washington.[57] IRIS fellow, Maria Saldarriaga, is conducting her research on traditional water sources (karez) and the sustainable management of groundwater resources in Iraq and Kurdistan. At the same time, she is teaching a special course on water in Iraq, including “history, water resources, traditional water systems, quality, in addition to the current challenges.”[58][59]

IRIS Publications

IRIS has published the analyses and summaries of the first and the second annual Sulaimani Forum, as well as the report on energy policies by Bilal Wahab.[60]

Criticism

In 2009, CounterPunch ran an article by former English instructor Mark Grueter who stated that the university functioned more as a political tool than as an educational institution.[61] Faculty members and students have complained about mismanagement and incompetence.[62]

In 2011, Salon.com noted the university's link to President George W. Bush through Donald Rumsfeld protegee, John Agresto, who was then serving as AUIS's Provost.[62]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ AUIS.2015.Mission & Core Values. [Online]. [Accessed 4 feb 2015]. Available from: http://auis.edu.krd/node/1088
  4. ↑ Jane Arraf, The Christian Science Monitor, "University brings American-style learning to Iraq." December 8, 2008. [Accessed 4 February 2015] Available from: http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2008/1208/p01s02-wome.html
  5. ↑ AUIS. 2015. Academic Preparatory Program. [Online] [Accessed 2 Feb 2015]. Available from: http://auis.edu.krd/app
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ Edward Wong, The New York Times, January 3, 2007. "An American University for Iraq but Not in Baghdad." [Accessed 4 February 2015]. Available from: http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/03/world/middleeast/03university.html?ex=1325480400&en=d5a54dbf5aac32e6&ei=5088&_r=0
  8. ↑ Joshua Mitchell Georgetown University, People. [Accessed 4 February 2015] Available from: http://explore.georgetown.edu/people/mitchelj/
  9. ↑ AUIS. Dr. Dawn Dekle Ends Her Tenure as President of AUIS. [Accessed 4 February 2015] Available from: http://auis.edu.krd/node/1470
  10. ↑ AUIS, Dr. Esther Mulnix. [Accessed 4 February 2015] Available from: http://auis.edu.krd/mulnix_bio
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "AUIS_Website" defined multiple times with different content
  14. ↑ AUIS, Board of Trustees. [Accessed 4 February 2015] Available from: http://auis.edu.krd/board_of_trustees
  15. ↑ AUIS, Academic Preparatory Program. [Accessed 4 Feb 2015] Available from: http://auis.edu.krd/app
  16. ↑ AUIS, Undergraduate Programs. [Accessed 4 Feb 2015] Available from: http://auis.edu.krd/undergrad_academics
  17. ↑ Investingroup, Interview, "Educational Edge", 27/08/2014. [Accessed 4 Feb 2015] Available from: http://www.investingroup.org/interview/167/
  18. ↑ AUIS, Professional Development Institute. [Accessed 4 Feb 2015] Available from: http://auis.edu.krd/professional_development_institute
  19. ↑ AUIS, Student Organizations. [Accessed 4 Feb 2015] Available from: http://auis.edu.krd/activities_athletics
  20. ↑ Alana Marie Levinson-Labrosse, Fair Observer, "Iraqi-American Encounters: The Art of Social Justice." [Accessed 4 Feb 2015] Available from: http://www.fairobserver.com/region/middle_east_north_africa/iraqi-american-encounters-the-art-of-social-justice-01246/
  21. ↑ AUIS, Poetry Slam. [Accessed 5 Feb 2015] Available from: http://auis.edu.krd/Poerty_Slam
  22. ↑ AUIS, A Poetry Workshop in Istanbul [Accessed 5 Feb 2015]. Available from: http://auis.edu.krd/Poerty_Slam
  23. ↑ Startup Weekend, Startup Weekend Slemani. [Online]. [Accessed 5 Feb 2015] Available from: http://www.up.co/communities/iraq/slemani/startup-weekend/3843
  24. ↑ AUIS. AUIS Drama Presents Twelve Angry (Wo)men. [Accessed 5 Feb 2015]. Available from: http://auis.edu.krd/node/1468
  25. ↑ AUIS. AUIS Celebrates Shakespeare's 450th Birthday. [Accessed 5 Feb 2015]. Available from: http://auis.edu.krd/node/1329
  26. ↑ AUIS. AUIS Students Debut Akbar Ahmed's "Noor". [Accessed 5 Feb 2015] Available from: http://auis.edu.krd/node/693
  27. ↑ Middle East Theatre Academy. [Online] [Accessed on 5 Feb 2015]. Available from: http://www.middleeasttheatreacademy.org/
  28. ↑ Afshan Ahmed. "Kevin Spacy skips SAG awards to watch his Arab students perform in Sharjah." The National. January 26, 2015. [Accessed 5 Feb 2015]. Available from: http://www.thenational.ae/arts-lifestyle/on-stage/kevin-spacey-skips-sag-awards-to-watch-his-arab-students-perform-in-sharjah
  29. ↑ The Washington Post. World: "Youths in Iraq: The war generation". [Accessed 5 Feb 15] Available from: http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/youths-in-iraq-the-war-generation/2011/11/25/gIQAR86GzN_gallery.html
  30. ↑ AUIS Voice. About Us. [Online]. [Accessed 5 Feb 2015]. Available from: http://www.auisvoice.com/About%20Us
  31. ↑ AUIS. AUIS Basketball Teams Compete at Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Sports Fest. [Accessed 5 Feb 2015]. Available from: http://auis.edu.krd/node/1373
  32. ↑ Salaam Dunk. [Online]. [Accessed 5 Feb 2015]. Available from: http://salaamdunkfilm.com/
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 AUIS. Institute of Regional and International Studies. [Accessed 5 Feb 2015]. Available from: http://auis.edu.krd/IRIS
  34. ↑ Sofia Barbarani. Iraq's Yazidis: Caught in the crossfire." Al Jazeera. [Online]. [Accessed 5 Feb 2015]. Available from: http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/06/iraq-yazidis-caught-crossfire-201462412464507378.html
  35. ↑ The Daily Beast. Christine Van Den Toorn. [Accessed 5 Feb 2015]. Available from: http://www.thedailybeast.com/contributors/christine-van-der-toorn.html
  36. ↑ Iraq Matters 2014, Episode ten (Feb, 2014), "Is Peace in Iraq Possible? The Story of 'Little Iraq'", Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N1yOTSQWnno
  37. ↑ Musings On Iraq. Iraq News, Politics, Economics, Society. "The Plight of Iraq's Yazidis in Ninewa Province Interview with Christine van den Toorn", September 1, 2014. [Online]. [Accessed 5 Feb 2015]. Available from: http://musingsoniraq.blogspot.com/2014/09/the-plight-of-iraqs-yazidis-in-ninewa.html
  38. ↑ The Primary Source. On-the-Ground Research in Iraq and the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. [Online]. [Accessed 5 Feb 2015]. Available from: http://www.theprimarysourceiraq.com/
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Sulaimani Forum. [Online]. [Accessed 5 Feb 2015]. Available from: http://sulaimaniforum.com/sulaimaniforum2015/
  40. ↑ The Inaugural Sulaimani Forum. [Online]. [Accessed 5 Feb 2015]. Available from: http://cloud.snappages.com/db139e142aed7611bb5b31ed4679c1592eba4e82/Sulaimani%20Forum%202013.pdf
  41. ↑ Twitter. AUIS @AUIS_NEWS. [Online]. [Accessed 5 Feb 2015]. Available from: https://twitter.com/auis_news/status/440777007949819906
  42. ↑ Thoughts from Iraq: A page that completes the Iraqi story. [Online]. [Accessed 5 Feb 2015]. Available from: http://hiwaosman.com/2013/03/in-the-back-rows-of-the-sulaimani-forum-a-hint-of-iraqs-future/
  43. ↑ Gulan Media. "Premier Barzani: Kurdistan will 'Not Back Down' Over Constitutional Oil Rights'". [Online]. [Accessed 5 Feb 2015]. Available from: http://www.gulan-media.com/english/details.php?section=1&id=5730
  44. ↑ AUIS. AUIS Hosts Second Annual Sulaimani Forum, PM Nechirvan Barazani Keynotes. [Accessed 5 Feb 2015]. Available from: http://auis.edu.krd/PRsuliforum2014
  45. ↑ Invest In Group. "Investor Highlights from the Sulaimani Forum." [Online]. [Accessed 5 Feb 2015]. Available from: http://www.investingroup.org/briefing/155/
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 AUIS. Fellows. [Accessed 5 Feb 2015]. Available from: http://auis.edu.krd/iris_fellows
  47. ↑ Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Maria Fantappie, [Accessed 5 Feb 2015]. Available from: http://carnegieendowment.org/experts/?fa=expert_view&expert_id=580
  48. ↑ "Refugees- An in-depth look at camps". [Accessed 5 feb 2015]. Available from: http://info.arte.tv/en/maria-fantappie-specialist-kurdish-issues
  49. ↑ International Crisis Group. "Make or Break: Iraq's Sunnis and the State." [Accessed 5 feb 2015]. Available from: http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/Middle%20East%20North%20Africa/Iraq%20Syria%20Lebanon/Iraq/144-make-or-break-iraq-s-sunnis-and-the-state
  50. ↑ International Crisis Group. "Syria's Kurds: A Struggle within a Struggle." [Accessed 5 Feb 2015]. Available from: http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/Middle%20East%20North%20Africa/Iraq%20Syria%20Lebanon/Syria/136-syrias-kurds-a-struggle-within-a-struggle.pdf
  51. ↑ Kurdistan: The American Lens - Bilal A. Wahab Full Interview. [Accessed 5 Feb 2015]. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9FLQHMmUVdw
  52. ↑ Iraq and KRG Energy Policies: Actors, Challenges and Opportunities. [Accessed 5 Feb 2015]. Available from: http://auis.edu.krd/sites/default/files/WahabIRISReport.pdf
  53. ↑ Invest In Group. "Changing Dynamics". Interview, 24.08.2014. [Accessed 5 Feb 2015]. Available from: http://www.investingroup.org/interview/164/
  54. ↑ Yerevan Saeed. "Amid Iraq war, Basra autonomy bid gaining greater support." 18.12.2014. [Accessed 5 feb 2015]. Available from:http://rudaw.net/mobile/english/middleeast/iraq/18122014
  55. ↑ NPR. "Kurdistan Feels Pressure of Iraqi Influx." 04.08.2007. [Accessed 5 feb 2015]. Available from: http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=9462859
  56. ↑ PUKMedia. "ISIL weakens from its conflict over energy fields." [Accessed 5 Feb 2015]. Available from: http://www.pukmedia.com/EN/EN_Direje.aspx?Jimare=22781
  57. ↑ National Reconciliation and Negotiation. Webcast. [Accessed 5 Feb 2015]. Available from: http://webcast.jhu.edu/Mediasite/Play/a38e2a90ab8f4e7f8b9c673ae223b6571d
  58. ↑ AUIS. Fellows. [Accessed 5 Feb 2015]. Available from: http://www.auis.edu.krd/iris_fellows
  59. ↑ AUIS. Studying Water in Iraq. [Accessed 5 Feb 2015]. Available from: http://auis.edu.krd/waterinIraq
  60. ↑ AUIS. IRIS Publications. [Online]. [Accessed 5 feb 2015]. Available from: http://auis.edu.krd/iris_publications
  61. ↑ Grueter, Mark, Inside the American University of Iraq, CounterPunch (November 2009)
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

External links

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