The Fourteen Infallibles
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Shia Islam portal |
The Fourteen Infallibles (Arabic: معصومون Ma‘sūmūn) in Twelver Shia Islam are the Islamic prophet Muhammad, his daughter Fatima Zahra; and the Twelve Imams. All are considered to be infallible under the theological concept of Ismah.[1][2] Accordingly, they have the power to commit sin but by their nature are able to avoid doing so, which is regarded as a miraculous gift from God.[3] The Infallibles are believed to follow only God's desire in their actions because of their supreme righteousness, consciousness, and love for God.[4] They are also regarded as being immune to error in practical matters, in calling people to religion, and in the perception of divine knowledge.[5] Shias believe the Fourteen Infallibles are superior to the rest of creation and to the other major prophets.[6]
Contents
Family tree
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Muhammad |
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Fātimah |
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‘Alī |
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Hasan |
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Husayn |
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‘Alī Zaynul ‘Ābidīn |
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Muhammad al-Bāqir |
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Ja‘far as-Sādiq |
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Mūsā al-Kādhim |
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‘Alī ar-Ridhā |
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Muhammad al-Jawad |
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‘Alī al-Hadi |
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Hasan al-‘Askarī |
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Muhammad al-Mahdī |
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List of the Infallibles
Modern (calligraphic) depiction | Name (Full) Kunya[lower-alpha 1] |
Title Arabic |
Date of birth and death
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Importance | Cause and place of death
Place of burial[lower-alpha 3] |
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Muhammad ibn Abdullah[lower-alpha 4] Abu al-Qasim[lower-alpha 5][7] |
Khatam al-Anbia[lower-alpha 7][8] Habib[lower-alpha 8][9] |
Mecca, Hijaz, Arabian peninsula[7] |
Considered by Muslims to be the last prophet sent by God to mankind. According to Muslims, God revealed to him the Quran, which is God's word and the greatest miracle.[7] | Fell ill and died in Medina.[7]
Buried in Medina, Hijaz, Arabian peninsula.[7] |
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Fatimah[lower-alpha 9]
Umm Abiha[lower-alpha 10][12] |
Sayyidat al-Nisā[lower-alpha 11][13] al-Zahra[lower-alpha 12][14] |
Mecca, Hijaz, Arabian peninsula[17] |
Her father Muhammad called her "a part of me".[18] She is also regarded as "the mother of the Imams".[19][20] | According to most Shias, Fatimah suffered a fatal injury while defending Ali against the first Sunni caliph.[21]
The exact location of her grave is unknown but is believed to be in Medina.[13] |
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Ali ibn Abu Talib[lower-alpha 13] Abu al-Hasan[lower-alpha 14][22] |
Mecca, Hijaz, Arabian peninsula[23] |
For all Shia, the son-in-law of Muhammad is the first Shia Imam[25] and the rightful successor of Muhammad.[26] For Sunnis, he is the fourth successor.[16] He holds an important position in almost all Sufi orders, which trace their lineage to Muhammad through him.[23] | Assassinated in Kufa, Iraq, by Abd-al-Rahman ibn Muljam, a Kharijite who slashed his head with a poisoned sword while he was praying.[23]
Buried in Najaf, Iraq.[16] |
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Hasan ibn Ali[lower-alpha 16] Abu Muhammad[lower-alpha 17][22] |
Al-Mūjtabā[lower-alpha 18][27] |
Medina, Hijaz, Arabian peninsula[28] |
The eldest surviving grandson of Muhammad. Through his mother Fatimah, Hasan succeeded his father Ali as the caliph in Kufa; but after a seven-month reign he relinquished control of Iraq following a peace treaty with Muawiya I.[28] | According to Twelver Shia belief, he was poisoned fatally by his wife in Medina by order of Caliph Muawiya.[29]
Buried in Jannat al-Baqi, Medina.[28] |
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Husayn ibn Ali[lower-alpha 19] Abu Abdillah[lower-alpha 20][30] |
Sayyid ash-Shuhada[lower-alpha 21][31] |
Medina, Hijaz, Arabian peninsula[33] |
Grandson of Muhammad and his younger brother of Hasan, Husayn rejected the legitimacy of Caliph Yazid I, the son of Muawiyah. As a result, he and his family were killed in the Battle of Karbala by Yazid's forces.[16] Ever since the battle, the commemoration of Husayn ibn Ali's martyrdom has been at the core of Shia rituals and identity.[33] | Killed and beheaded at the Battle of Karbala[33]
Buried at the Imam Husayn Shrine, Karbala, Iraq.[33] |
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Ali ibn Husayn[lower-alpha 22] Abu Muhammad[lower-alpha 23][34] |
Al-Sajjad[lower-alpha 24][35]
Zayn al-'Abidin[lower-alpha 25][36] |
Medina, Hijaz, Arabian peninsula[36] |
The author of the prayers in Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya,[35] ("The Scripture of Al-Sajjad", "The Psalm of the Household of the Prophet").[37] | According to most Shia scholars, Zayn al-'Abidin was fatally poisoned by order of Caliph al-Walid I in Medina.[37]
Buried in Jannat al-Baqi, Medina.[35] |
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Muhammad ibn Ali[lower-alpha 26] Abu Ja'far[lower-alpha 27][30][38] |
Baqir al-Ulum[lower-alpha 28][38] |
Medina, Hijaz, Arabian peninsula[38] |
Sunni and Shia sources consider Al-Baqir an early and pre-eminent legal scholar who was revered for having educated many students.[35][38] | According to some Shia scholars, he was fatally poisoned by Ibrahim ibn Walid ibn 'Abdallah in Medina by order of Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik.
Buried in Jannat al-Baqi, Medina[35] |
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Ja'far ibn Muhammad[lower-alpha 29] Abu Abdillah[lower-alpha 30][35] |
As-Sadiq[lower-alpha 31][39] |
Medina, Hijaz, Arabian peninsula[40] |
As-Sadiq established the Ja'fari school of jurisprudence and developed the theology of the Twelvers.[35] He taught many scholars in different fields, including Abu Hanifah[35] and Malik ibn Anas in fiqh, Wasil ibn Ata and Hisham ibn Hakam in Islamic theology, and Geber in science and alchemy.[40] | According to Shia sources, he was fatally poisoned in Medina by order of Caliph Al-Mansur.[40]
Buried in Jannat al-Baqi, Medina[35] |
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Musa ibn Ja'far[lower-alpha 32] Abu al-Hasan I[lower-alpha 33][41] |
Al-Kazim[lower-alpha 34][42] |
Medina, Hijaz, Arabian peninsula[42] |
Al-Kazim was leader of the Shia community during the schism between the Ismaili and other branches of Islam after the death of the previous Imam Jafar al-Sadiq.[43] He established a network of agents who collected the khums in the Shia community of the Middle East and the Greater Khorasan. He holds a high position in the Mahdavia, the members of which trace their lineage to Muhammad through him.[44] | According to Shia belief, he was imprisoned and fatally poisoned in Baghdad, Iraq, by order of Caliph Harun al-Rashid.[45]
Buried in the Kazimayn shrine, Baghdad, Iraq[35][42] |
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Ali ibn Musa[lower-alpha 35] Abu al-Hasan II[lower-alpha 36][41] |
Ar-Rida[lower-alpha 37][42] |
Medina, Hijaz, Arabian peninsula[46] |
Made crown prince by Caliph Al-Ma'mun, Ar-Rida was known for his discussions and debates with both Muslim and non-Muslim religious scholars.[47] | According to Shia sources, he was fatally poisoned in Mashad, Iran, by order of Caliph Al-Ma'mun.[47]
Buried in the Imam Reza shrine, Mashad, Iran[47] |
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Muhammad ibn Ali[lower-alpha 38] Abu Ja'far[lower-alpha 39][30] |
Al-Taqi[lower-alpha 40][47] Al-Jawad[lower-alpha 41][48] |
Medina, Hijaz, Arabian peninsula[48] |
Al-Jawad was known for his generosity and piety in the face of persecution by the Abbasid caliphate.[49] | According to Shia sources, he was fatally poisoned by his wife, the daughter of Caliph Al-Ma'mun, in Baghdad, Iraq, by order of Caliph Al-Mu'tasim.[48]
Buried in the Kazmain shrine, Baghdad, Iraq.[47] |
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Ali ibn Muhammad[lower-alpha 42] Abu al-Hasan III[lower-alpha 43][50] |
Al-Hadi[lower-alpha 44][51]
Al-Naqi[lower-alpha 45][47] |
Surayya, a village near Medina, Hijaz, Arabian peninsula[50] |
Al-Naqi taught religious sciences until 243/857.[47] He strengthened the network of deputies in the Shia community. He sent them instructions and in turn received financial contributions from the faithful, from the khums and religious vows.[50] | According to Shia sources, he was fatally poisoned in Samarra, Iraq, by order of caliph Al-Mu'tazz.[48]
Buried in the Al Askari Mosque, Samarra, Iraq.[47] |
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Hasan ibn Ali[lower-alpha 46] Abu Muhammad[lower-alpha 47] [52] |
Al-Askari[lower-alpha 48][53] |
Medina, Hijaz, Arabian peninsula[53] |
Like his father, Al-Askari was placed under house arrest, which would last most of his life, by the Abbasid Caliph Al-Mu'tamid, .[54] During this time, repression of the Shia communities was great because of their growing size and power.[55] | According to Shia belief, Al-Askari was fatally poisoned by order of Caliph Al-Mu'tamid in Samarra, Iraq.[56]
Buried in the Al Askari Mosque, Samarra, Iraq.[47] |
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Muhammad ibn al-Hasan[lower-alpha 49] Abu al-Qasim[lower-alpha 50][31] |
Mahdi[lower-alpha 51][lower-alpha 52][57]
Hidden Imam[lower-alpha 53][58] Al-Hujjah[lower-alpha 54][31][59] Sahib al-Zaman[lower-alpha 55][52] Sahibu'l-Amr[lower-alpha 56][52] Al-Qa'im[lower-alpha 57][31] Baqiyyat Allah[lower-alpha 58][31] |
Samarra, Iraq[61] |
According to Twelver Shia doctrine, Baqiyyat Allah is a historical person, the current Imam, and the promised Mahdi—a messianic figure who will return with Jesus Christ. He will re-establish the rightful governance of Islam, filling the earth with justice and peace.[62] | According to Shia doctrine, Baqiyyat Allah has been living in the Occultation since 874 CE, and will continue living as long as God wills.[60] |
See also
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The Fourteen Infallibles | |||
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Notes and references
Notes
- ↑ A kunya (Arabic: كنية, kunyah) is a teknonym in Arabic names, the name of an adult derived from his or her eldest child.
- ↑ The abbreviation CE refers to the Common Era solar calendar, while AH refers to the Islamic Hijri lunar calendar
- ↑ Except the Twelfth Imam
- ↑ محمد بن عبدالله
- ↑ أبو القاسم
- ↑ the Messenger of God (Persian: رسول الله)
- ↑ The Seal of the Prophets (Persian: خاتم الانبیاء)
- ↑ The Beloved (Persian: حبیب)
- ↑ فاطمة
- ↑ The Mother for Her Father (Persian: ام ابیها)
- ↑ The master of all women (Persian: سیدة نساء)
- ↑ The Shining (Persian: زهرا)
- ↑ علي بن أبي طالب
- ↑ أبو الحسن
- ↑ The Commander of the Faithful (Persian: امیرالمؤمنین)
- ↑ حسن بن علي
- ↑ أبو محمد
- ↑ The Chosen (Persian: مجتبی)
- ↑ حسین بن علي
- ↑ أبو عبدالله
- ↑ Master of the Martyrs (Persian: سیّد الشهداء)
- ↑ علي بن الحسین
- ↑ أبو محمد
- ↑ السجّاد
- ↑ the Ornament of the Worshipers (Persian: زین العابدین)
- ↑ محمد بن علي
- ↑ أبو جعفر
- ↑ The Revealer of Knowledge (Persian: باقرالعلوم)
- ↑ جعفر بن محمد
- ↑ أبو عبدالله
- ↑ The Honest (Persian: صادق)
- ↑ موسی بن جعفر
- ↑ أبو الحسن الاول
- ↑ The Calm One (Persian: کاظم)
- ↑ علي بن موسی
- ↑ أبو الحسن الثانی
- ↑ The Pleasing One (Persian: رضا)
- ↑ محمد بن علي
- ↑ أبو جعفر
- ↑ The God-Fearing (Persian: تقی)
- ↑ الجواد
- ↑ علي بن محمد
- ↑ أبو الحسن الثالث
- ↑ هادی
- ↑ The Pure (Persian: نقی)
- ↑ الحسن بن علي
- ↑ أبو محمد
- ↑ The Citizen of a Garrison Town (Persian: عسگری)
- ↑ محمد بن الحسن
- ↑ أبو القاسم
- ↑ المهدی
- ↑ The Guided One or The Guide (Persian: مهدی)
- ↑ (Persian: امام غائب)
- ↑ The Proof (Persian: حجت)
- ↑ The Lord of Our Times (Persian: صاحب الزمان)
- ↑ The one vested with Divine authority (Persian: صاحب الامر)
- ↑ The Resurrector (Persian: قائم)
- ↑ God's Remainder (Persian: بقیةالله)
References
- ↑ Dabashi 2006, p. 463
- ↑ Corbin 1993, p. 48
- ↑ Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1989, p. 98
- ↑ Donaldson 1933, p. 326
- ↑ Ansariyan 2007, p. 89
- ↑ Algar 1990
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 Nasr 2006
- ↑ Mir 1987, p. 171
- ↑ Nasr 2013, p. 61
- ↑ Tabatabaei 1975, p. 131
- ↑ Tabatabaei 1975, p. 134
- ↑ Walbridge 2001, p. 103
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Klemm 2014
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Chittick 1980, p. 136
- ↑ Qurashī 2007, p. 38
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 Chittick 1980, p. 137
- ↑ Dungersi 1994, p. 4
- ↑ Chittick 1980, p. 136
- ↑ Hughes 2013, p. 258
- ↑ Rayshahri 2008, p. 68
- ↑ Lammens 2012
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 Rizvi 1988, p. 48
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 Nasr 2007
- ↑ Ahmed 2005, p. 234
- ↑ Poonawala 1985
- ↑ Mashita 2002, p. 69
- ↑ Corbin 1993, p. 50
- ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 Madelung 2003
- ↑ Tabatabaei 1975, p. 173
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 Rizvi 1988, p. 49
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 31.4 Amir-Moezzi 1994, p. 174
- ↑ Tabatabaei 1975, pp. 198–199
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 Madelung 2004
- ↑ Qurashī 2007, p. 17
- ↑ 35.00 35.01 35.02 35.03 35.04 35.05 35.06 35.07 35.08 35.09 35.10 35.11 35.12 35.13 35.14 35.15 35.16 Chittick 1980, p. 138
- ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 36.3 Madelung 1985
- ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 37.3 Tabatabaei 1975, pp. 178–179
- ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 38.3 38.4 38.5 Madelung 1988
- ↑ Tabatabaei 1975, p. 15
- ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 Tabatabaei 1975, p. 180
- ↑ 41.0 41.1 Madelung 1985b
- ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 42.3 Tabatabaei 1975, p. 181
- ↑ Tabatabaei 1975, p. 68
- ↑ Sachedina 1988, pp. 53–54
- ↑ Amir-Moezzi 2011, p. 207
- ↑ Tabatabaei 1975, pp. 182–183
- ↑ 47.00 47.01 47.02 47.03 47.04 47.05 47.06 47.07 47.08 47.09 47.10 47.11 Chittick 1980, p. 139
- ↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 48.3 48.4 Tabatabaei 1975, p. 183
- ↑ Qurashī 2005
- ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 50.3 50.4 Madelung 1985a
- ↑ Dungersi 2005, p. 16
- ↑ 52.0 52.1 52.2 Rizvi 1988, p. 50
- ↑ 53.0 53.1 53.2 53.3 Halm 1987
- ↑ Dungersi 2005, p. 188
- ↑ Tabatabaei 1975, p. 184
- ↑ Dungersi 2005, p. 196
- ↑ Amir-Moezzi 2007
- ↑ Amir-Moezzi 1994, p. 115
- ↑ Nasr 2013, p. 161
- ↑ 60.0 60.1 60.2 Tabatabaei 1975, p. 186
- ↑ Tabatabaei 1975, p. 185
- ↑ Tabatabaei 1979, pp. 211–214
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- Qurashī, Bāqir Sharīf (2005). The Life of Imam Muhammad Al-Jawad. Ansariyan Publications. ISBN 978-964-438-653-4.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>[dead link]
- Rayshahri, M. Muhammadi (12 January 2008). The scale of wisdom: a compendium of Shi'a Hadith. ICAS Press. ISBN 978-1-904063-34-6.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Rizvi, Sayyid Saeed Akhtar (1988). Imamate: The vicegerency of the Holy Prophet. Bilal Muslim Mission of Tanzania. ISBN 978-9976-956-13-9.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Sachedina, Abdulaziz Abdulhussein (1988). The Just Ruler (al-sultān Al-ʻādil) in Shīʻite Islam: The Comprehensive Authority of the Jurist in Imamite Jurisprudence. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-511915-0.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Tabatabaei, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn (1975). Shi'ite Islam. Translated by Sayyid Hossein Nasr. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-87395-390-0.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Tabatabaei, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn (1979). Shi'ite Islam. Translated by Seyyed Hossein Nasr. SUNY press. ISBN 978-0-87395-272-9.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Walbridge, Linda S. (6 August 2001). The Most Learned of the Shi`a: The Institution of the Marja` Taqlid. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-534393-9.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
External links
- A Chronological List of the Fourteen Infallibles
- A Brief History of the Fourteen Infallibles by WOFIS World Organization for Islamic Services Tehran -Iran
- The Brief History of the Fourteen Infallibles by Mohammad Hussein il’adeeb
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- The Fourteen Infallibles