Thrombopoietin

From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core
Jump to: navigation, search

<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>

Thrombopoietin
Protein THPO PDB 1v7m.png
PDB rendering based on 1v7m.
Available structures
PDB Ortholog search: PDBe, RCSB
Identifiers
Symbols THPO ; MGDF; MKCSF; ML; MPLLG; THCYT1; TPO
External IDs OMIM600044 MGI101875 HomoloGene398 ChEMBL: 1293256 GeneCards: THPO Gene
RNA expression pattern
PBB GE THPO 211155 s at tn.png
PBB GE THPO 211154 at tn.png
PBB GE THPO 211831 s at tn.png
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Species Human Mouse
Entrez 7066 21832
Ensembl ENSG00000090534 ENSMUSG00000022847
UniProt P40225 P40226
RefSeq (mRNA) NM_000460 NM_001173505
RefSeq (protein) NP_000451 NP_001166976
Location (UCSC) Chr 3:
184.37 – 184.38 Mb
Chr 16:
20.73 – 20.73 Mb
PubMed search [1] [2]

Thrombopoietin (THPO) also known as megakaryocyte growth and development factor (MGDF) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the THPO gene.

Thrombopoietin is a glycoprotein hormone produced by the liver and kidney which regulates the production of platelets. It stimulates the production and differentiation of megakaryocytes, the bone marrow cells that bud off large numbers of platelets.[1]

Megakaryocytopoiesis is the cellular development process that leads to platelet production. The protein encoded by this gene is a humoral growth factor necessary for megakaryocyte proliferation and maturation, as well as for thrombopoiesis. This protein is the ligand for MLP/C_MPL, the product of myeloproliferative leukemia virus oncogene.[2]

Genetics

The thrombopoietin gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 3 (q26.3-27). Abnormalities in this gene occur in some hereditary forms of thrombocytosis (high platelet count) and in some cases of leukemia. The first 155 amino acids of the protein share homology with erythropoietin.[3]

Function and regulation

Thrombopoietin is produced in the liver by both parenchymal cells and sinusoidal endothelial cells, in the kidney by proximal convoluted tubule cells. Small amounts are also made by striated muscle and bone marrow stromal cells.[1] In the liver, its production is augmented by interleukin 6 (IL-6).[1] However, the liver and the bone marrow stromal cells are the primary sites of thrombopoietin production.

Thrombopoietin regulates the differentiation of megakaryocytes and platelets, but studies on the removal of the thrombopoietin receptor show that its effects on hematopoiesis are more versatile.[1]

Its negative feedback is different from that of most hormones in endocrinology: The effector regulates the hormone directly. Thrombopoietin is bound to the surface of platelets by the mpl receptor (CD 110) and destroyed, thereby reducing megakaryocyte exposure to the hormone.[1] Therefore, the rising and dropping platelet concentrations regulate the thrombopoietin levels. Low platelets lead a higher degree of thrombopoietin exposure to the undifferentiated bone marrow cells, leading to differentiation into megakaryocytes and further maturation of these cells. On the other hand, high platelet concentrations lead to less availability of thrombopoietin to megakaryocytes.

Therapeutic use

Despite numerous trials, thrombopoietin has not been found to be useful therapeutically. Theoretical uses include the procurement of platelets for donation,[4] and recovery of platelet counts after myelosuppressive chemotherapy.[1]

Trials of a modified recombinant form, megakaryocyte growth and differentiation factor (MGDF), were stopped when healthy volunteers developed autoantibodies to endogenous thrombopoietin and then developed thrombocytopenia.[5] Romiplostim and Eltrombopag, structurally different compounds that stimulate the same pathway, are used instead.[6]

A quadrivalent peptide analogue is being investigated, as well as several small-molecule agents,[1] and several non-peptide ligands of c-Mpl, which act as thrombopoietin analogues.[7][8]

Discovery

Thrombopoietin was cloned by five independent teams in 1994. Before its identification, its function has been hypothesized for as much as 30 years as being linked to the cell surface receptor c-Mpl, and in older publications thrombopoietin is described as c-Mpl ligand (the agent that binds to the c-Mpl molecule). Thrombopoietin is one of the Class I hematopoietic cytokines.[1]

See also

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. Online 'Mendelian Inheritance in Man' (OMIM) 600044
  4. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

Further reading

  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

External links