Timeline of global health

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This page is a timeline of global health, including major conferences, interventions, cures, and crises.

Big picture

Time period Key developments
1500s–1600s European countries begin traveling to and colonizing regions of the world including the Americas, Africa, India, and China. This contributes to the spread of various infectious diseases.[1]
1816–1899 Six global cholera pandemics happen in this period due to increased commerce and migration. These pandemics (as well as others) inspire modern health regulations, beginning with the International Sanitary Conferences.[2]:125 The germ theory of diseases also begins to become accepted and popularized starting around 1850.[3]
1920s–1930s Antitoxins and vaccines for numerous diseases including cholera and tuberculosis are developed during this period, building on a trend of greater understanding of and control over microorganisms.[4]
1945–1950 Following the end of World War II, several organizations, including the United Nations and World Health Organization (WHO), form.[2]
1970s Greater dissatisfaction with WHO for its focus on disease/infection control at the expense of trying to improve general living conditions, as well as disappointment at its low budget and staffing. This atmosphere spurs other organizations to provide their own forms of aid.[2]:126[1]:6
1990s–2000s HIV/AIDS becomes the focus of many governmental and non-governmental organizations.[1]:6
2000s and beyond WHO's Millennium Development Goals establishes health care as an important goal (not just combating infectious diseases).[1]:7

Full timeline

Year Event type Event Disease name Geographic location
1851 Organization First of the International Sanitary Conferences is held in Paris. The French government organizes it to help stop the spread of yellow fever, cholera, and plague. Twelve countries participate, with each participating country sending a physician and a diplomat as representatives. [2] France
1854 Crisis Severe Broad Street cholera outbreak occurs in the Soho district of London, England. It proves to be central to the development of modern epidemiology.[5] Cholera England
1855 Crisis Third plague pandemic begins in the Yunnan province of China and spreads beyond the country in the aftermath of the Panthay Rebellion.[5] This bubonic plague pandemic spreads to all inhabited continents and kills 12 million people. Bubonic plague China (origin)
1863 Organization International Committee of the Red Cross, a private humanitarian institution, is founded by Henry Dunant and Gustave Moynier. Based in Geneva, Switzerland, it starts as a committee of five and goes on to be very influential and win three Nobel Peace Prizes. [6] Switzerland (in Geneva)
1880 Discovery Microorganisms responsible for malaria identified.[5] Malaria
1882 Discovery Microorganisms responsible for tuberculosis identified.[5] Tuberculosis
1893 The International List of Causes of Death, a predecessor to the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, is adopted.[5]
1902 Organization Pan American Health Organization established as the Pan-American Sanitary Bureau in response to yellow fever epidemics.[2][5] Yellow fever (originally)
1907 Organization Office International d'Hygiène Publique (OIHP) founded. The OIHP helped to refine quarantine policies.[2] France
1913 Organization Rockefeller Foundation founded.[5]
1918 Crisis 1918 flu pandemic (Spanish flu) Influenza France (origin, possibly disputed)
1922 Organization League of Nations Health Committee and Health Section established.[7]
1927 Discovery BCG vaccine for tuberculosis developed.[5] Tuberculosis
1928 Discovery Penicillin (an antibiotic) discovered by Alexander Fleming.[5]
1943 Organization United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration founded for relief of victims of war.[8]
1945 Organization The World Bank Group formed.[5]
1946 Organization UNICEF founded.[5]
1946 Organization Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is founded initially as the Communicable Diseases Center.[5] Malaria (initially) United States (Atlanta, Georgia)
1947 Crisis A cholera epidemic takes 20,000 lives in Egypt in 1947 and 1948; this helps spur the international community to action.[9] Cholera Egypt
1948 Organization World Health Organization established.[5]
1950 Medical advancement Mass tuberculosis immunization under way with BCG vaccine[10] Tuberculosis
1952 Program launch Global yaws control program launched by WHO and UNICEF.[10] Yaws
1952 Crisis Polio epidemic in the United States. Polio is a serious, and potentially deadly or crippling, infection disease. [11]By the mid-20th Century, breakouts of polio present a major health concern for children in the United States. In 1952, at the height of an epidemic, Jonas Salk introduces a vaccine for this infectious disease, which has existed for thousands of years. The vaccine is able to help eradicate breakouts of polio in many parts of the world. [12] Polio United States
1955 Program launch Malaria Eradication Programme launched by WHO.[10] Malaria
1955 Medical advancement The first inactivated polio vaccine by Jonah Salk is announced as safe and effective.[5] [13] Polio
1958 Program launch Smallpox eradication program launched by World Health Assembly.[10] Smallpox
1961 Organization United States Agency for International Development forms.[5] United States
1963 Medical advancement Oral polio vaccine licensed.[10] Polio
1965 Organization International Agency for Research on Cancer established Cancer
1971 Organization Doctors Without Borders founded.[5]
1974 Program launch Onchocerciasis Control Programme launched by WHO and others.[10] Onchocerciasis
1976 Discovery Ebola virus first identified.[10] Ebola Democratic Republic of the Congo
1977 Publication WHO Model List of Essential Medicines first published.[5]
1978 Publication Alma Ata Declaration established.[14] The Declaration promoted health as a human right.[5] Kazakhstan
1979 Medical advancement Eradication of smallpox (last naturally occurring case recorded).[5] Smallpox
1986 Program launch Global Programme on AIDS launched by WHO.[10] HIV/AIDS
1988 Program launch Global Polio Eradication Initiative established by WHO and others.[10] Polio
1990 Program launch Global Burden of Disease Study commissioned by the World Bank.[5]
1993 Publication Disease Control Priorities first edition (DCP1) published[15]
1993 Publication 1993 World Development Report published. This report "changed the terms of discourse in international health development" by prioritizing health problems with a large disease burden for which cost-effective interventions were available.[16]
1995 Program launch International Commission for the Certification of Dracunculiasis Eradication established by WHO.[10]
1995 Program launch DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment, Short-Course) strategy for tuberculosis launched.[10] Tuberculosis
1996 Organization Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS established.[10] HIV/AIDS
2000 Program launch Stop TB Partnership launched.[10] Tuberculosis
2000 Organization Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network launched.[10]
2000 Organization Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation founded
2000 Publication Millennium Development Goals established. At a United Nations Summit in 2000, member nations declare eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which reflected the major challenges facing human development globally, to be achieved by 2015.[17] The declaration was matched by unprecedented global investment by donor and recipient countries. According to the UN, these MDGs provided an important framework for development and significant progress has been made in a number of areas.[18][19] However, progress has been uneven and some of the MDGs were not fully realized including maternal, newborn and child health and reproductive health.[18]
2000 Program launch GAVI Alliance forms to promote the use of vaccines.[5]
2001 Program launch Measles Initiative launched.[10] Measles
2002 Organization The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria founded.[5] HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, Malaria
2002 Program launch First World report on violence and health launched.[10]
2003 Program launch 3 by 5 Initiative launched.[10] HIV/AIDS
2003 WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control adopted.[5]
2003 Crisis Severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak[10] SARS China (but spread to multiple countries)
2003 Program launch Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, Innovation and Public Health created.[10]
2003 Program launch President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) launched.[5] HIV/AIDS United States (targeting Africa)
2004 Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health adopted.[10]
2005 Program launch Commission on Social Determinants of Health launched.[10]
2005 Program launch Partnership for Maternal, Newborn & Child Health launched.[10]
2006 Publication Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries (DCP2) published[20]
2007 Organization GiveWell, a charity evaluator, is founded. GiveWell has investigated the effectiveness of numerous charities in global health and has reviewed reports including those published by the Disease Control Priorities Project.[21] A spinoff known as the Open Philanthropy Project begins as GiveWell Labs in 2011. United States
2013 Crisis West African Ebola virus epidemic Ebola
2015 Building on the MDGs, a new Sustainable Development Agenda with 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) has been established for the years 2016-2030.[18] The first goal being an ambitious and historic pledge to end poverty.[22]
2015 Publication Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development is adopted by the 193 countries of the UN General Assembly. On 25 September 2015, the 193 countries of the UN General Assembly adopt the 2030 Development Agenda titled Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.[22]
2015 Publication To Save Humanity published. The book contains nearly 100 essays regarding today's most pressing global health issues.[23] The essays are authored by global figures in politics, science, and advocacy ranging from Bill Clinton to Peter Piot, and address a wide range of issues including vaccinations, antimicrobial resistance, health coverage, tobacco use, research methodology, climate change, equity, access to medicine, and media coverage of health research.

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 5.17 5.18 5.19 5.20 5.21 5.22 5.23 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ 10.00 10.01 10.02 10.03 10.04 10.05 10.06 10.07 10.08 10.09 10.10 10.11 10.12 10.13 10.14 10.15 10.16 10.17 10.18 10.19 10.20 10.21 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ http://www.cdc.gov/polio/about/
  12. ↑ http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/dm52sa.html
  13. ↑ http://www.salk.edu/about/history-of-salk/jonas-salk/
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  21. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. ↑ S.J. Hoffman. 2011. “Ending Medical Complicity in State-Sponsored Torture,” The Lancet 378(9802): 1535-1537. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60816-7.
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