Tomb of the King of Boni

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Tomb of the King of Boni
浡泥国王墓
The Tomb of the King of Boni (Brunei) Nanjing.JPG
The spirit way of the Tomb of the King of Boni
General information
Type Tomb, spirit way statuary and stelae
Address No.9, Weijiu Road of Huacun, southern foot of Mountain Tortoise
Town or city Yuhuatai District, Nanjing, Jiangsu province
Country China
Coordinates Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Completed 15th century
Tomb of the King of Boni
Simplified Chinese 浡泥国王墓

Tomb of the King of Boni, built in the early 15th century, is the tomb of Manarejiana 麻那惹加那 (Sultan Abdul Majid Hassan ), ruler of Boni (Brunei), a medieval state on the island of Borneo, considered by some as the predecessor of the present-day sultanate of Brunei. The tomb and associated statuary is located in a park at the southern foothills of Tortoise Mountain (Guishan), about 3 km south of the southern gate of the walled city of Nanjing. The street address is No.9, Weijiu Road of Huacun; this is east of Tiexinqiao Subdistrict, in Yuhuatai District, Nanjing, Jiangsu province, China.

The tomb was completed during the reign of Yongle Emperor in the Ming dynasty. As one of the only two foreign rulers' tombs in China (the other one being the Tomb of the King of Sulu in Dezhou, Shandong),[1][2] it is an important heritage site under state protection.

History

The country whose name is recorded in the early Ming dynasty records as "Boni" was a state in Borneo Island. By the time of their king's arrival to Nanjing, "Boni" had had a long history of contact with China, having sent envoys during the Northern Song dynasty.[3][4]

In the third year of the Hongwu reign, Ming dynasty (1370), the emperor Zhu Yuanzhang dispatched Censor Zhang Jingzhi and Fujian official Shen Zhi to Boni on a diplomatic mission. On their return to China, the King of Boni sent his envoys along with the two Chinese officials.[3]

In the winter of the third year of the Yongle reign (1405), The King of Boni, (who ascended the throne in 1402)sent his envoys to bring tribute to the Yongle Emperor. In return, the Emperor granted an imperial mandate and seal to the King. The King was greatly pleased and decided to express his heartfelt thanks in person. Thus he arrived in Fujian province by sea, along with his wife, sons and several other relatives, and they received a warm welcome from the local officials sent by the central government.[3][5]

Death of Karna

File:Bixi of the Sultan of Brunei - P1060723.JPG
Pavilion with a tortoise-held stele in memory of the King of Boni

In August 1408 (the sixth year of the Yongle reign), Manarejiananai, the Boni ruler, and his companions reached the Ming Empire's capital Nanjing, to attend the imperial court. He fell ill after he had stayed in Nanjing for over a month. He was 28 years old when he died in his residence in the tenth lunar month of that very year. In his testament, he showed a desire to “be buried in China”. The Yongle Emperor suspended court for three days, dispatched officials to mourn for the King, and conferred the posthumous title of "Deferent" on him. After the Boni ruler's death, he was buried outside Andemen in Shizigang, which was in the southern part of Nanjing, according to the traditional burial customs of Chinese vassal. In addition, the Yongle Emperor ordered the king's son to succeed to his father's crown.[3][4][6]

Abandonment and rediscovery

Later on, the tomb was deserted and abandoned in the forest,[7] thus gained a name of “Huihuifen” (literally the tomb of the Hui people) from the local residents. During an archaeological survey in 1958, two broken fallen steles were rediscovered.[8] According to the remaining inscriptions, the Boni king was inferred to be buried in the tomb. Afterwards, the Nanjing government carried out a series of renovations to the tomb, the gravestone, the spirit way,[9] and rebuilt the memorial archway, the spirit pavilion and the stone platform. In 1982, the Tomb of the King of Boni was listed as the important protection unit of cultural relic of Jiangsu province and it became a Key Cultural Relic Unit under State Protection in 2001. The sister of the Brunei Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah, known as Princess Masnah, visited the tomb of the King and attended the opening ceremony of the newly built “China-Brunei Friendship Hall” in 2006.[10][11][12] On 23 October 2008, the Brunei Style Park was finished. It cost ¥ 23 million[10] and Princess Masnah again attended the opening ceremony.

Architecture

File:Tomb of the Sultan of Brunei - stele - P1060768.JPG
The tablet in front of the King's grave

The Tomb of the King of Boni faces northwards, with Niushou Mountain in the distance. There is a pool in front of it, and the tomb is surrounded by trees. Stone sculptures of generals, tigers, goats, horses and grooms are on either side of the spirit way,[9] with very exotic touches in the carving. The tomb is at the end of the path, similar to that of Sulu King. It consists of a round, central mound and is surrounded with granite. The tombstone reads, "The Tombstone of the Deferent King of Boni". The inscription records the King’s deeds, the treatment he received from the imperial court and the construction information of the tomb. It was written by Grand Secretary Hu Guang[6] and engraved by Eunuch Zhang Qian with local selected stones. As the Boni people believed in Islam, the style of the King's tomb was quite different from that in the Central Plains.

Current situation

At present, the tomb and its surroundings are classed as "The Tomb of the King of Boni scenic spot", covering an area of 17 hectares. It is an AA category national tourist site which consists of three parts, namely the tomb of the King of Boni area, the Brunei Style Park and a service area.[13] The shrine, the stone portraits and the tombs are still fairly well preserved. The ruins of the gravestone have been put up again, but most of the inscription has eroded over a long period of time.[7][14] The Brunei Style Park contains the China-Brunei Friendship Hall, a mosque, the Brunei Water Garden, pavilions, side streets, labyrinths and Songfeng Palace, etc. The China-Brunei Friendship Hall contains a permanent exhibit of images and text regarding the interaction history of the two countries.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Furthermore, there is a cenotaph of King Taksin of Siam in Chenghai, Guangdong province.
  2. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 The "spirit way" is also sometimes translated as spirit path, spirit road or tomb path. Spirit ways are usually in Chinese mausolea, lined with successions of stone statues.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

Further reading

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