Tommy (1975 film)

Tommy
File:Tommy film poster.jpg Theatrical release poster
Directed by	Ken Russell
Produced by	Ken Russell Robert Stigwood
Screenplay by	Ken Russell
Based on	Tommy by The Who
Starring	Ann-Margret Oliver Reed Roger Daltrey Elton John Eric Clapton John Entwistle Keith Moon Paul Nicholas Jack Nicholson Robert Powell Arthur Brown Pete Townshend Tina Turner The Who
Narrated by	Pete Townshend
Music by	The Who
Cinematography	Dick Bush Ronnie Taylor
Edited by	Stuart Baird
Production company	RSO
Distributed by	Columbia Pictures
Release dates	19 March 1975 (1975-03-19) (US) 26 March 1975 (1975-03-26) (UK)
Running time	108 minutes
Country	United Kingdom
Language	English
Budget	$5 million
Box office	$34.3 million

Tommy is a 1975 British musical fantasy film based upon The Who's 1969 rock opera album Tommy. It was directed by Ken Russell and featured a star-studded cast, including the band members themselves (most notably, lead singer Roger Daltrey, who plays the title role). The other cast members include Ann-Margret, Oliver Reed, Eric Clapton, Tina Turner, Elton John, Arthur Brown, and Jack Nicholson.

Ann-Margret received a Golden Globe Award for her performance, and was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress. Pete Townshend was also nominated for an Oscar for his work in scoring and adapting the music for the film. The film was shown at the 1975 Cannes Film Festival, but was not entered into the main competition. In 1975 the film won the award for Rock Movie of the Year in the First Annual Rock Music Awards.

Plot

The film opens with a montage of the honeymoon of Royal Air Force Group Captain Walker (Robert Powell) and his wife, Nora (Ann-Margret). When his leave ends, Walker reluctantly farewells his now-pregnant wife, and returns to fight in World War II as a bomber pilot, but his aircraft is shot down somewhere over Europe. He is listed as Missing In Action ("Captain Walker") and is presumed dead, although - unknown to his family - the badly burned Walker is in fact a prisoner of war. Meanwhile, back in England, Nora is overwhelmed by the news of her husband's disappearance - she goes into labour and gives birth to a son, Tommy, on V-E Day ("It's a Boy").

Five years later, with Capt. Walker still missing, presumed dead, Nora has begun a new relationship with Frank (Oliver Reed), whom she has met at a holiday camp. Tommy looks up to his "Uncle" Frank and expresses his desires to run his own camp some day ("Bernie's Holiday Camp"). Nora and Frank dream of their future ("Fifty-one") but late that evening, Captain Walker returns unexpectedly, surprising Frank and Nora in bed. Not realising who the intruder is, Frank struggles with Capt. Walker then strikes him with the bedside lamp, accidentally killing him. At this point they discover to their horror that the dead man is Capt. Walker, and that Tommy - who had followed his father into the room - has witnessed everything. Panicking, they frantically plead with Tommy, insisting that he saw and heard nothing, and must tell nobody about it. This, combined with the trauma of his father's sudden and violent death, sends Tommy into a trance-like fugue state, ("Amazing Journey") in which he cannot to see, hear or speak. Unable to reach him, Nora and Frank lament Tommy's predicament, and fear for his soul ("Christmas").

As time passes, Nora and Frank make several fruitless attempts to bring Tommy out of his isolation. Nora first takes him to a religious cult that worships Marilyn Monroe, with the promise from a preacher (Eric Clapton) that coming in contact with the giant Monroe statue will result in a cure. ("Eyesight to the Blind"). Frank seeks help from the Acid Queen, (Tina Turner), who injects psychedelic drugs into Tommy's bloodstream; he undergoes a florid drug trip, ("The Acid Queen"), but when it ends, he is still locked in his trance.

Although Nora worries about Tommy's welfare ("Do You Think It's Alright"), Frank convinces her to leave Tommy with family members when they go out, and as a result, Tommy suffers several incidents of abuse. First Tommy is left with his sadistic older cousin Kevin {Paul Nicholas), who brutally assaults and tortures Tommy ("Cousin Kevin"). Next, Tommy is sexually abused ("Fiddle About") after Nora and Frank leave him with Nora's pedophile uncle Ernie (Keith Moon). When nothing succeeds in freeing Tommy from his state of shock ("Sparks") Nora and Frank give up hope and simply leave him standing at the mirror. One night Tommy unexpectedly leaves the house, following a vision of his father ("Sparks"), and wanders to a junkyard, where he is found the next morning, playing an abandoned pinball machine.

Nora and Frank soon realise that Tommy's trance state has freed him from outside distractions, and given him a preternatural talent for pinball, so they enter him into competitions. Defeating all comers, Tommy quickly rises to fame and fortune. Excitement mounts as Tommy faces his final challenge ("Extra, Extra") in which he triumphs over the current top player (Elton John), becoming the pinball world champion ("Pinball Wizard"). Nora watches her son's victory on television, and at first she celebrates the wealth and luxury that Tommy's talent has brought them, but she soon falls into despair, realising that the trappings of success are meaningless as long as her son remains a prisoner inside his own mind. ("Champagne")

Frank and Nora make a final attempt to get help for Tommy, taking him to a specialist (Jack Nicholson) whom Frank has found ("There's a Doctor"). The doctor declares that there's nothing physically wrong with Tommy, that his problems are entirely mental, and that there is a chance that some sort of powerful shock or trauma, equivalent to that he suffered originally, might be able to being him out of his isolation. Tommy is once again sent to the mirror ("Go to the Mirror") as Nora pleads with him to look at or speak to her ("Tommy Can You Hear Me?"). Tommy remains unresponsive, fixated on his own reflection, and Nora finally snaps, pushing Tommy into the mirror, shattering it ("Smash the Mirror"). Tommy crashes through it, landing in the swimming pool outside. As the Doctor has predicted, the shock of the experience has finally freed him from his unresponsive state, and he rejoices in the beauty of his newly-restored perceptions and surroundings ("I'm Free"). Nora finds Tommy and explains what has happened during the time he has missed, while Tommy reveals that his experiences have transformed him, and that he now sees Pinball as a path to spiritual enlightenment ("Mother and Son").

As news of his amazing "rebirth" pushes Tommy's popularity to new heights ("Miracle Cure"), Tommy, Nora, Frank and Ernie decide to promote Tommy's new beliefs by embarking on a proselytising tour. A young female fan who is obsessed with Tommy runs away from home to see one of his lectures, but when she jumps on stage in an attempt to touch him, she is hurled down by the bouncers and cuts her face badly as she falls, leaving it permanently scarred ("Sally Simpson").

As time passes, Tommy's pinball cult grows to become a virtual religion, and the family are seduced by the power and wealth Tommy's success brings them ("Sensation"). He welcomes converts into his palatial home ("Welcome"), but soon there are too many to accommodate, so Tommy announces that they will set up a chain of pinball-themed centres, modelled on the holiday camp of his youth, with branches around the world, so that everybody can achieve Nirvana through Pinball ("T.V. Studio"). When the first camp opens, a 'reformed' Uncle Ernie escorts the visitors to the entrance, and hawks the many Tommy promotional items for sale in the gift shop ("Tommy's Holiday Camp"). The visitors express their desire to achieve enlightenment and be like Tommy. He explains that, to mirror his own childhood experiences, his followers must put on special headgear, which makes them unable to see, hear, or speak, and they are then led to pinball machines by guides. The would-be converts submit at first, but they soon discover that Tommy's 'spiritual discipline' is a sham, and that they are simply being exploited. They rebel, destroying everything in the camp and setting it ablaze ("We're Not Gonna Take It"). Tommy finds Frank and Nora dying and tries to save them, but to no avail ("See Me, Feel Me"). He escapes the burning camp, fleeing into the countryside, where he finally ascends the same hill where Nora and Captain Walker celebrated their honeymoon, as the sun rises on a new day. ("Listening to You")

Cast

• Ann-Margret as Nora Walker
• Oliver Reed as "Uncle" Frank Hobbs
• Roger Daltrey as Tommy Walker
  • Barry Winch as young Tommy
    • Alison Dowling as young Tommy's singing voice
• Elton John as The Pinball Wizard
• Tina Turner as The Acid Queen
• Eric Clapton as The Preacher
• John Entwistle as Himself
• Keith Moon as Uncle Ernie/Himself
• Paul Nicholas as Cousin Kevin
• Jack Nicholson as The Specialist
• Robert Powell as Group Captain Walker
• Arthur Brown as The Priest
• Pete Townshend as The Narrator/Himself
• Victoria Russell as Sally Simpson
• Ben Aris as Rev. A. Simpson V. C.
• Mary Holland as Mrs. Simpson
• Ken Russell as Cripple

Production

In his commentary for the 2004 DVD release of the film, Ken Russell stated that the opening and closing outdoor scenes were shot in the Borrowdale valley of the English Lake District, near his own home, the same area that he had used to double for Bavaria in his earlier film Mahler, in which Robert Powell had starred. Much of the film was shot on locations around Portsmouth, including the scene near the end of the film featuring the giant 'pinballs', which were in fact obsolete buoys found in a British Navy yard, which were simply sprayed silver and filmed in situ. The Bernie's Holiday Camp ballroom sequence was shot inside the Gaiety Theatre on South Parade Pier. Exterior shots were filmed at Hilsea Lido. The Sally Simpson interior sequence was filmed in the Wesley Hall in Fratton Road Portsmouth. The exterior intro sequence to the scene however shows Sally Simpson buying a badge and entering South Parade Pier.

On 11 June 1974, the pier caught fire and was badly damaged while the production was filming there; according to Russell, the fire started during the filming of the scene of Ann-Margret and Oliver Reed dancing together during the "Bernie's Holiday Camp" sequence, and smoke from the fire can in fact be seen drifting in front of the camera in several shots; Russell also used a brief exterior shot of the building fully ablaze during the scenes of the destruction of Tommy's Holiday Camp by his disillusioned followers. The Pinball Wizard sequence was shot at the Kings Theatre in Southsea, and the two pinball machines used were a 1965 Kings & Queens by Gottlieb -used by Roger Daltrey- and a Gottlieb Buckaroo also from 1965, used by Elton John. The Kings & Queens' 1000 score window was modified from its original for the scene. Others on Portsdown Hill, which overlooks Portsmouth and local churches were used. All Saints in Commercial Road was used for the Sally Simpson Wedding scene whilst the meeting in the same sequence was filmed at the Wesley Hall in Fratton Road. The Eyesight to the Blind sequence was filmed at St Andrews Church in Henderson Road in Southsea.The other church featured was Warblington Church near Havant in Hampshire.

The famous scene in which Ann-Margret's character hallucinates that she is cavorting in detergent foam, baked beans, and chocolate reportedly took three days to shoot. According to Russell, the detergent and baked bean sequences were 'revenge' parodies of real-life TV advertisements he had directed early in his career, although the baked bean sequence also references one of the cover photos and a parody radio ad from The Who's 1967 album The Who Sell Out. Russell also recalled that Ann-Margret's husband strongly objected to the scene in which she slithers around in melted chocolate. During the filming, Ann-Margret accidentally struck her hand on the broken glass of the TV screen, causing a severe laceration, and Russell had to take her to hospital to have the wound stitched, although she was back on set the next day. The film also includes a scene in which Mrs Walker watches a parodic TV advertisement for the fictional product "Rex Baked Beans"; the costumes in this segment were originally made for the lavish masked ball sequence in Richard Lester's version of The Three Musketeers, and the dress worn by the Queen in the Rex ad is that worn by Geraldine Chaplin in the earlier film.

Elton John initially turned down the role of the Pinball Wizard and among those considered to replace him was David Essex, who recorded a test audio version of the "Pinball Wizard" song. However, producer Robert Stigwood held out until John agreed to take the part, reportedly on condition that he could keep the gigantic Dr. Martens boots he wore in the scene. Russell also recalled that Townshend initially balked at Russell's wish to have The Who performing behind Elton in the sequence (they did not perform the audio here), and also objected to wearing the pound-note suits (which were in fact stitched together from novelty pound-note teatowels). On The Who's involvement with the film, members Daltrey played the title character, Moon played, in essence, a dual role as both Uncle Ernie and as himself along with Entwistle and Townshend lip-synching on their respective instruments in the "Eyesight to the Blind" and "Pinball Wizard" segments. About his role as the Specialist, Jack Nicholson stated that "In my whole career there was only one time when a director said to me, "OK, come right down the pike and just look beautiful, Jack". That was Ken Russell on Tommy."

Reception

The film currently holds a 76% approval rating in on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 25 reviews, out of which 19 are positive. On his review of the film, Roger Ebert gave the film a three out of four stars rating, and praised Ann-Margret's performance, calling her "simply great as Tommy's mother". He also praised the pinball tournament scene, calling it "the movie's best single scene: a pulsating, orgiastic turn-on edited with the precision of a machine gun burst."

Awards and nominations

Award	Category	Recipient(s)	Result
Academy Awards	Best Actress	Ann-Margret	Nominated
	Best Original Song Score or Adaptation Score	Pete Townshend	Nominated
Golden Globe Awards	Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy		Nominated
	Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical	Ann-Margret	Won
	Most Promising Newcomer	Roger Daltrey	Nominated

Quintaphonic Sound

The original release of Tommy used a sound system devised by sound engineer John Mosely called "Quintaphonic Sound". At the time that the film was in production various "Quadraphonic" (four speaker) sound systems were being marketed to the domestic HiFi market. Some of these were so-called "matrix" systems which combined the four original channels into two which could be recorded on, or transmitted by, existing two-channel stereo systems such as LP records or FM radio. John Mosely used one of these systems (QS from Sansui) to record front left, front right, back left and back right channels on the left and right tracks of a four-track magnetic striped print of the Cinemascope type. A discrete center channel was also recorded on the center track of the print. The fourth (surround) track on the striped print was left unused. In addition John Mosely used DBX noise reduction on the magnetic tracks.

Unlike the usual multiple small surround speakers used in cinemas, the Quintaphonic system specified just two rear speakers, but of the same type as those used at the front.

One problem that arose was that by the 1970s the four-track magnetic sound system was largely moribund. Only a few theatres were equipped with the necessary magnetic playback heads and other equipment; of those that did in many cases it was not in working order. Thus, in addition to installing the extra electronics and rear speakers John Mosely and his team had to repair and align the basic magnetic playback equipment. Each theatre that showed Tommy using the Quintaphonic system accordingly had to be specially prepared to take the film. In this respect there is a similarity between Tommy and Walt Disney's Fantasia, for which a special sound system (Fantasound) had been devised and required each theatre that showed it in the original release to be specially prepared. Also, like Fantasound, Quintaphonic Sound was never used again.

Tommy was later released with mono, conventional four-track magnetic and Dolby Stereo soundtracks.

Changes from album

The film version of Tommy differs in numerous ways from the original 1969 album. The primary change is the period, which is moved forward to the post-World War II era, while the original album takes place just after World War I. As a result, the song "1921" (alternatively named "You Didn't Hear It") is renamed "1951" and the opening line "got a feelin' '21 is gonna be a good year" changes to "got a feelin' '51 is gonna be a good year". The historical change allowed Russell to use more contemporary images and settings.

In the album, Captain Walker is killed in action, never knowing his unborn son. In the film, Tommy's father, now Group Captain Walker RAF, is shot down but then returns and is killed by the wife's lover (Reed) in front of Tommy, heightening the psychological trauma and allowing the father to be in Tommy's secret fantasies.

Unlike other filmed rock operas (such as that of Pink Floyd's The Wall), the album is never dubbed over the film; the different actors – including Nicholson and Reed, neither of whom was known for his singing ability (Reed's character's songs were cut from Oliver!, and Nicholson's in On a Clear Day You Can See Forever appeared only in the now-lost roadshow version) – perform the songs in character instead of The Who, with the exception of Daltrey as Tommy and where Townshend sings narration in place of recitative.

Because of this, all the songs are rerecorded and the song order is shuffled around considerably; this and the addition of several new songs and links creates a more balanced structure of alternating short and long sequences. A large number of songs have new lyrics and instrumentation, and another notable feature is that many of the songs and pieces used on the film soundtrack are alternate versions or mixes from the versions on the soundtrack album.

Major differences between the 1969 and 1975 versions:

• The film opens with a new instrumental, "Prologue - 1945" (partly based on the 1969 "Overture"), which accompanies the opening sequences of Captain Walker's romance and disappearance.
• "It's A Boy" is separated from "Overture" and becomes the medley "Captain Walker/It's A Boy"; in the film this medley narrates the aftermath of Walker's disappearance, the end of the war and the birth of Tommy.
• A new song, "Bernie's Holiday Camp", which follows "Captain Walker/It's A Boy", portrays Tommy's childhood and his mother's romance with Hobbs (Oliver Reed). The song also features the melody from, and even foreshadows, "Tommy's Holiday Camp".
• "1921" from the 1969 version becomes the medley "1951/What About The Boy?", covering the sequence that climaxes with the return of Tommy's father and his killing.
• "The Amazing Journey" (shortened to three minutes) has almost completely different lyrics, and the "guide" from the album is depicted as Tommy's dead father.
• The running order of "Christmas" and "Eyesight to the Blind" is reversed; references to pinball are removed from Christmas and the character of The Hawker becomes The Preacher (Eric Clapton), leader of a faith-healing pop cult worshipping Marilyn Monroe. Arthur Brown is cast as the character The Priest in the film, and sings a verse in the song but is not featured on the soundtrack. According to Russell's DVD audio commentary, the concept of people literally worshipping celebrities (in this case Marilyn Monroe) and several other elements in the film were adapted from his pre-existing treatment for a film about false religions, which he had developed prior to Tommy but for which he had never been able to secure financial backing.
• The running order of "The Acid Queen" and "Cousin Kevin" is reversed.
• "Underture" is removed but parts from it have been re-arranged as "Sparks".
• "The Acid Queen", "Cousin Kevin", "Fiddle About", and "Sparks", linked by three renditions of "Do You Think It's Alright?", form an extended sequence depicting Tommy's inner journey and his trials.
• A three-minute version of the "Sparks" theme (with, then new, synthesiser orchestration) precedes "Extra, Extra, Extra" and "Pinball Wizard". In the film it is used behind the sequence of the dazed Tommy wandering into a junkyard and discovering a pinball machine. The music on the film soundtrack (for this and many other songs) is heavily edited, however, and is a noticeably different mix from the version on the soundtrack album.
• A new linking theme, "Extra, Extra, Extra", narrates Tommy's rise to fame and introduces the battle with the pinball champ. It is set to the tune of "Miracle Cure" and precedes "Pinball Wizard".
• "Pinball Wizard" has extra lyrics and movements. It features guitar and keyboard solos (the guitars are only readily discernible on the soundtrack album), and an outro with a riff reminiscent of the Who's first single, "I Can't Explain".
• A new song, "Champagne", which follows "Pinball Wizard", covers the sequence of Tommy's stardom and wealth and his parents' greed. Like many other songs, it features Tommy singing "See Me, Feel Me" interludes: this is the first song with Daltrey singing for Tommy. In the film (but not on the soundtrack), the song is introduced by a mock TV commercial—reminiscent of the Who's early years when they made jingles.
• "Go to the Mirror" is shortened, not featuring the elements of "Listening To You", nor the phrase "Go to the mirror, boy."
• "I'm Free" is moved earlier, and now follows "Smash The Mirror!" (as was done on the 1971 symphonic album); it covers the lavish psychedelic sequence depicting Tommy's reawakening.
• "I'm Free" is followed by a new song, "Mother and Son", which depicts Tommy's rejection of materialism and his vision for a new faith based around pinball.
• "Sensation", featuring extra lyrics, is moved forward and covers the spread of Tommy's new religion. In the film it occurs between "Sally Simpson" and "Welcome". (On the soundtrack album, it occurs between "Mother and Son" and "Miracle Cure"—with the extra [narration] lyrics and guitar solo included on the cassette and CD versions, but not the LP version.)
• "Sally Simpson" is re-arranged with a Bo Diddley beat and in the film is preceded by "Miracle Cure"—which features an extra verse.
• In "Sally Simpson", the album version mentions her father's Rolls-Royce as blue, but the film changes the lyrics to black (the Rolls-Royce in the film is also black).
• In "Sally Simpson", the album version describes Tommy giving a lesson. In the film, Tommy gives a lesson, and the lyrics are changed to the words of the lesson.
• In the album version of "Sally Simpson", the title character jumps on the stage and brushes Tommy's cheek, but in the movie she is kicked off the stage before she can get close to Tommy.
• A new linking piece, "T.V. Studio", is used between "Welcome" and "Tommy's Holiday Camp".
• The 1969 album's closing track "We're Not Going To take It" is split into two pieces, "We're Not Gonna take It" and medley "See Me Feel Me/Listening To You"; this covers the climactic film sequences of Tommy's fall from grace and his final redemption.
• The CD reissue of the soundtrack album opens with a newer, previously unreleased version of "Overture From Tommy", which was not included either in the film or on the original soundtrack LP. Although the track is listed in the CD's song credits as being performed by The Who, it is actually a Pete Townshend solo number with him playing all the instruments (as with "Prologue - 1945" and other tracks) – neither John Entwistle nor Keith Moon appear on it, as they do on all other selections on the soundtrack credited to "The Who," regardless of whether Roger Daltrey performs as vocalist.

Soundtrack

Main article: Tommy (soundtrack)

Sales chart performance

Album

Year	Chart	Position
1975	Billboard Pop Albums	2
1975	UK Chart Albums	21

External links

• Tommy at IMDb
• Tommy at Box Office Mojo
• Tommy at Rotten Tomatoes
• Keith Moon capture the Rock Music Award for Best Rock Movie of the Year 1975 on YouTube