Tonalpohualli
The tonalpohualli Nahuatl pronunciation: [toːnaɬpoːˈwalːi], a Nahuatl word meaning "count of days", is an Aztec version of the 260-day calendar in use in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica. This calendar is neither solar nor lunar, but rather consists of 20 (veintenas), 13-day (trecenas) periods. Each trecena is ruled by a different deity.
Description
The basis of the tonalpohualli, is unknown. Several theories have been advanced for this calendrical period: that it represents a Venusian cycle, that it represents the human gestation period, or that it represents the number of days between the zenithal passage of the sun in the tropical lowlands. On the other hand, some scholars including J. E. S. Thompson suggest that the tonalpohualli was not based on natural phenomena at all, but rather on the integers 13 and 20, both considered important numbers in Mesoamerica.
The other major Aztec calendar, the xiuhpohualli, is a 365-day year, based on 18 months of 20 days and five nameless days. A xiuhpohualli was designated by the name of its first tonalpohualli day. For example, Hernán Cortés met Moctezuma II on the day 8 Wind in the year 1 Reed[citation needed] (or November 8, 1519 in the Julian calendar[1]).
The xiuhpohualli and the tonalpohualli would coincide approximately every 52 years.
Day signs
| n.º | Trecena | Aztec deities associated | Cardinal point |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1 Cipactli (Caiman or aquatic monster) | Tonacatecuhtli | East |
| 2 | 1 Ehēcatl (Wind) | Quetzalcoatl | North |
| 3 | 1 Calli (House) | Tepeyollotl, Quetzalcoatl | West |
| 4 | 1 Cuetzpalin (Lizard) | Huehuecoyotl or Macuilxochitl | South |
| 5 | 1 Cōātl (Snake) | Chalchiuhtlicue and Tlazolteotl | East |
| 6 | 1 Miquiztli (Death) | Tonatiuh and Tecuciztecatl | North |
| 7 | 1 Mazātl (Deer) | Tlaloc and Chicomecoatl o 4 Ehécatl | West |
| 8 | 1 Tōchtli (Rabbit) | Mayahuel and Xochipilli or Cinteotl | South |
| 9 | 1 Ātl (Water) | Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli or Xiuhtecuhtli | East |
| 10 | 1 Itzcuintli (Dog) | Mictlantecuhtli | North |
| 11 | 1 Ozomahtli (Monkey) | Patecatl and Cuauhtliocelotl | West |
| 12 | 1 Malīnalli (Grass) | Itztlacoliuhqui | South |
| 13 | 1 Ācatl (Reed) | Tezcatlipoca or Uactli and Ixcuina or Tlazolteotl | East |
| 14 | 1 Ocēlōtl (Ocelot or Jaguar) | Tlazolteotl | North |
| 15 | 1 Cuāuhtli (Eagle) | Xipe Totec and Quetzalcoatl | West |
| 16 | 1 Cōzcacuāuhtli (Vulture) | Itzpapalotl | South |
| 17 | 1 Ōlīn (Movement or Earthquake) | Xolotl and Tlalchitonatiuh or 4 Ollin | East |
| 18 | 1 Tecpatl (Flint or Knife) | Chalchiuhtotolin | North |
| 19 | 1 Quiyahuitl (Rain) | Tonatiuh | West |
| 20 | 1 Xōchitl (Flower) | Xochiquetzal and Tezcatlipoca | South |
Gallery of Day Signs
Note that the symbols are arranged counterclockwise around the calendar stone.
-
Flower, Rain, Flint, Earthquake
-
Vulture, Eagle, Jaguar
-
Reed, Grass, Monkey, Dog
-
Water, Rabbit, Deer
-
Death, Snake, Lizard
-
House, Wind, Alligator
See also
- Tzolkin, the Maya equivalent of the tonalpohualli
- Aztec calendar
- Aztec calendar stone
- Aztec mythology
- Maya calendar
References
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
