Trebinje

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For the municipality in Albania, see Trebinjë.
Trebinje
Требиње
Skyline of Trebinje
Coat of arms of Trebinje
Coat of arms
Location of Trebinje within Bosnia and Herzegovina
Location of Trebinje within Bosnia and Herzegovina
Coordinates: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Country Bosnia and Herzegovina
Entity Republika Srpska
Settlements 178 (2008.)
Government
 • Mayor Slavko Vučurević [1]
Area
 • City 854,5 km2 (3,299 sq mi)
Elevation 275 m (902 ft)
Population (2013 Census)
 • City 25.589
 • Density 36,8/km2 (950/sq mi)
 • Urban 31,433
Time zone CET (UTC+1)
 • Summer (DST) CEST (UTC+2)
Area code(s) 59
Website [2]

Trebinje (Serbian Cyrillic: Требиње) is the southernmost municipality and city in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Located in East Herzegovina, it is part of the Republika Srpska entity, and its population numbers 31,433 (2013). The Trebišnjica river flows through the heart of the city. The city's old town quarter dates to the 18th-century Ottoman period, and includes the Arslanagić Bridge.

Geography

The city lies in the Trebišnjica river valley, at the foot of Leotar, in southeastern Herzegovina, some 30 km (19 mi) by road from Dubrovnik, Croatia, on the Adriatic coast. There are several mills along the river, as well as several bridges, including three in the city of Trebinje itself, as well as a historic Ottoman Arslanagic bridge nearby. The river is heavily exploited for hydro-electric energy. After it passes through the Popovo Polje area southwest of the city, the river - which always floods in the winter - naturally runs underground to the Adriatic, near Dubrovnik. For Trebinje is said that it is "the city of the sun and platan trees", and it is one of the most beautiful cities in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The city is economic and cultural center of the region of Eastern Herzegovina.

Panorama.

Climate

Trebinje enjoys a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification) with short warm winters and long blazing summers. Trebinje is one of the warmest in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The average annual temperature in the city is 16.6 °C (1981–2012) and the average January temperature is 8.3 °C, while the July temperature is 26.5 °C. Snow is very rare. In the summer, daytime temperatures can be high as 32 °C - 35 °C. The highest recorded temperature was 42.5 °C on 22 July 2007. And the lowest recorded temperature was -8 °C on 14 January 1968.

Climate data for Trebinje (Records from 1966 to 2013)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 22.5
(72.5)		 23
(73)		 26.5
(79.7)		 32.5
(90.5)		 36
(97)		 40.5
(104.9)		 42.5
(108.5)		 42
(108)		 40.5
(104.9)		 35
(95)		 26
(79)		 23
(73)		 42.5
(108.5)
Average high °C (°F) 11.2
(52.2)		 11.3
(52.3)		 14.4
(57.9)		 17.9
(64.2)		 22.3
(72.1)		 26.2
(79.2)		 30.3
(86.5)		 30.3
(86.5)		 25.4
(77.7)		 20.4
(68.7)		 16.6
(61.9)		 12.4
(54.3)		 19.89
(67.79)
Daily mean °C (°F) 8.3
(46.9)		 8.5
(47.3)		 11.4
(52.5)		 14.9
(58.8)		 18.7
(65.7)		 22.5
(72.5)		 26.5
(79.7)		 26.5
(79.7)		 22.0
(71.6)		 17.3
(63.1)		 13.5
(56.3)		 9.5
(49.1)		 16.63
(61.93)
Average low °C (°F) 5.5
(41.9)		 5.6
(42.1)		 8.5
(47.3)		 11.9
(53.4)		 15.2
(59.4)		 18.8
(65.8)		 22.7
(72.9)		 22.7
(72.9)		 18.7
(65.7)		 14.2
(57.6)		 10.5
(50.9)		 6.5
(43.7)		 13.4
(56.13)
Record low °C (°F) −8
(18)		 −7.5
(18.5)		 −4.5
(23.9)		 2.5
(36.5)		 8.5
(47.3)		 10.5
(50.9)		 14.5
(58.1)		 14.5
(58.1)		 10
(50)		 4.5
(40.1)		 −1.5
(29.3)		 −6
(21)		 −8
(18)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 195.2
(7.685)		 189.2
(7.449)		 132.7
(5.224)		 110.9
(4.366)		 76.1
(2.996)		 48.6
(1.913)		 24.1
(0.949)		 28.0
(1.102)		 98.7
(3.886)		 169.9
(6.689)		 265.0
(10.433)		 225.3
(8.87)		 1,563.7
(61.562)
Average precipitation days 12.2 12.9 11.6 10.2 9.5 6.7 2.4 2.5 6.4 10.3 15.3 13.5 113.5
Average relative humidity (%) 74 73 70 67 65 59 52 55 59 67 75 73 65.8
Mean monthly sunshine hours 127.1 130.5 155.0 186.0 251.1 294.0 356.5 347.2 261.0 204.6 138.0 112.2 2,563.2
Source: World Meteorological Organisation (UN)[2]

Settlements

Aranđelovo, Arbanaška, Arslanagića Most, Baonine, Begović Kula, Bihovo, Bijelač, Bijograd, Bioci, Bodiroge, Bogojević Selo, Borlovići, Brani Do, Brova, Budoši, Bugovina, Cerovac, Čvarići, Desin Selo, Diklići, Djedići, Do, Dobromani, Dodanovići, Dolovi, Domaševo, Donja Kočela, Donje Čičevo, Donje Grančarevo, Donje Vrbno, Donji Orahovac, Dračevo, Dražin Do, Drijenjani, Dubljani, Dubočani, Duži, Glavinići, Gojšina, Gola Glavica, Gomiljani, Gornja Kočela, Gornje Čičevo, Gornje Grančarevo, Gornje Vrbno, Gornji Orahovac, Grab, Grbeši, Grbići, Grkavci, Grmljani, Hum, Janjač, Jasen, Jasenica Lug, Jazina, Jušići, Klikovići, Klobuk, Konjsko, Korlati, Kotezi, Kovačina, Kraj, Krajkovići, Kremeni Do, Krnjevići, Kučići, Kunja Glavica, Kutina, Lapja, Lastva, Lokvice, Lomači, Lug, Lušnica, Ljekova, Ljubovo, Marić Međine, Mesari, Mionići, Morče, Mosko, Mrkonjići, Mrnjići, Necvijeće, Nevada, Nikontovići, Ograde, Orašje Popovo, Orašje Površ, Orašje Zubci, Parojska Njiva, Petrovići, Pijavice, Podosoje, Podstrašivica, Podštirovnik, Podvori, Poljice Čičevo, Poljice Popovo, Prhinje Pridvorci, Prosjek, Rapti Bobani, Rapti Zupci, Rasovac, Sedlari, Skočigrm, Staro Slano, Strujići, Šarani, Šćenica Ljubomir, Taleža, Todorići, Trebijovi, Trebinje, Tuli, Tulje, Turani, Turica, Turmenti, Tvrdoš, Ubla, Ugarci, Ukšići, Uskoplje, Uvjeća, Veličani, Velja Gora, Vladušići, Vlaka, Vlasače, Vlaška, Volujac, Vrpolje Ljubomir, Vrpolje Zagora, Vučija, Zagora, Zavala, Zgonjevo, Žakovo, Ždrijelovići, Željevo and Župa.

Trebinje is one of two municipalities that were created from the former Yugoslav municipality of Trebinje of the 1991 census, the other being Ravno in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

History

Middle Ages

De Administrando Imperio by Constantine VII (913–959) mentioned Travunija (Τερβουνια), as a "land of the Serbs". Serbian Prince Vlastimir (r. 830–51) married his daughter to Krajina, the son of Beloje, and that family became hereditary rulers of Travunija. By 1040 Stefan Vojislav's state stretched in the coastal region from Ston in the north, down to his capital, Skadar, set up along the southern banks of the Skadar Lake, with other courts set up in Trebinje, Kotor and Bar.[3]

The town commanded the road from Ragusa to Constantinople, which was traversed in 1096 by Raymond IV of Toulouse and his crusaders. It belonged to the Serbian Empire until 1355. Trebinje became a part of the expanded medieval Bosnian state under Tvrtko I in 1373. There is a medieval tower in Gornje Police whose construction is often attributed to Vuk Branković. The old Tvrdoš Monastery dates back to the 15th century.

In 1482, together with the rest of Herzegovina (see: Herzog Stjepan Vukčić Kosača), the town was captured by the Ottoman Empire. The Old Town-Kastel was built by the Ottomans on the location of the medieval fortress of Ban Vir, on the western bank of the Trebišnjica River. The city walls, the Old Town square, and two mosques were built in the beginning of the 18th century by the Resulbegović family. The 16th-century Arslanagić bridge (or Perovica bridge[citation needed]) was originally built at the village of Arslanagić, 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) north of the town, by Mehmed-Paša Sokolović, and was run by Arslanagić family for centuries. The Arslanagić Bridge is one of the most attractive Ottoman-era bridges in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It has two large and two small semicircular arches.

Among noble families in the Trebinje region mentioned in Ragusan documents were Ljubibratić, Starčić, Popović, Krasomirić, Preljubović, Poznanović, Dragančić, Kobiljačić, Paštrović, Zemljić and Stanjević.[4]

Ottoman

Arslanagić Bridge.

The burning of Saint Sava's remains after the Banat Uprising provoked the Serbs in other regions to revolt against the Ottomans.[5] Grdan, the vojvoda of Nikšić, organized revolt with Serbian Patriarch Jovan Kantul. From 1596, the center of anti-Ottoman activity in Herzegovina was the Tvrdoš Monastery in Trebinje, where Metropolitan Visarion was seated.[6] In 1596, the uprising broke out in Bjelopavlići, then spread to Drobnjaci, Nikšić, Piva and Gacko (see Serb Uprising of 1596–97). The rebels were defeated at the field of Gacko. It ultimately failed due to lack of foreign support.[6]

The hajduks in Herzegovina had in March 1655 carried out one of their greatest operations, raiding Trebinje, taking many slaves and carrying with them out much loot.[7]

On 26 November 1716, Austrian general Nastić with 400 soldiers and c. 500 hajduks attacked Trebinje, but did not take it over.[8] A combined Austro-Venetian-Hajduk force of 7,000 stood before the Trebinje walls, defended by 1,000 Ottomans.[8] The Ottomans were busy near Belgrade and with hajduk attacks towards Mostar, and were thus unable to reinforce Trebinje.[8] The conquest of Trebinje and Popovo field were given up to fight in Montenegro.[8] The Venetians took over Hutovo and Popovo, where they immediately recruited militarly from the population.[8]

Notable participants in the Herzegovina Uprising (1852–62) from Trebinje include Mićo Ljubibratić.

During the Herzegovina Uprising (1875–77), the Bileća and Trebinje region was led by serdar Todor Mujičić, Gligor Milićević, Vasilj Svorcan and Sava Jakšić.

Modern

During the period of Austro-Hungarian administration (1878–1918), several fortifications were built on the surrounding hills, and there was a garrison based in the town. The imperial administrators also modernized the town, expanding it westwards, building the present main street, as well as several squares, parks, schools, tobacco plantations, etc.

Trebinje grew rapidly in the era of Josip Broz Tito's Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia between 1945 and 1990. It especially developed its hydroelectric potential with dams, artificial lakes, tunnels, and hydroelectric plants. This industrial development brought a large increase in the urban population of Trebinje.

Bosnian War

Trebinje was the largest town in Serb-held eastern Herzegovina during the Bosnian War. It was controlled by Bosnian Serb forces from the fall of 1991, and was used as a major command and artillery base by Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) troops besieging the Croatian town of Dubrovnik. In 1992 Trebinje was declared the capital of the self-proclaimed Serbian Autonomous Region of Herzegovina (Serbian: Српска аутономна област Херцеговина). Many of the town's Bosniak residents were subsequently conscripted to fight with the JNA, and as many as 500 fighting-age Bosniak men fled the region in order to avoid being drafted.[9] Ten of the town's mosques were razed to the ground during the war.[10]

Culture

Gračanica, a Serbian Orthodox monastery located on the Crkvina Hill overlooking the town.

The Serbian Orthodox church in Trebinje, Saborna Crkva, was built between 1888 and 1908. The Hercegovačka Gračanica monastery, an exact copy of the Gračanica monastery in Kosovo, was completed in 2000. The churches are located above the city, on the historic Crkvina Hill. The 15th-century Tvrdoš monastery is located two kilometres south-west of Trebinje, including a church which dates back to the late antiquity. Trebinje is home to the Catholic Cathedral of the Birth of Mary in the city center, near the famous Platan trees of Trebinje. There are also monuments dedicated to acclaimed poets Petar II Petrović-Njegoš and Jovan Dučić. The Osman-Paša Resulbegović mosque, located in the Old Town, was originally built in 1726 and fully rebuilt in 2005. The Old Town city walls are well preserved. The Arslanagić Bridge (1574) is located 1 km north of the town center.

Sports

The local football club, FK Leotar Trebinje, plays in the Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Transportation

In late 2009 the Government of Republika Srpska approved funding for the Trebinje airport project. The airport was intended to serve as a low cost alternative to Dubrovnik.[11] The airport was intended to be operational in 2010 and then delayed till 2011. The terminal was planned to handle 260,000 passengers annually. In January 2013 the Minister for Transport and Infrastructure for Republika Srpska, Nedeljko Cubrilovic, announced that the passenger numbers doubled in 2012 from the prior year.[12] This is despite the airport not having been built. Over 820,000 euros have been spent on the project, mostly on documentation.

Municipality

Census year Total Serbs Muslims Croats Yugoslavs Others
1971 29,024 19,362 (66.71%) 4.846 (16,69%) 3.350 (11,54%) 424 (1,46%) 1,042 (3.60%)
1981 30,372 18,123 (59.67%) 4.405 (14,50%) 2.309 (7,60%) 4.154 (13,67%) 1,381 (4.54%)
1991 30,996 21,349 (68.87%) 5,571 (17.97%) 1.246 (4,01%) 1.642 (5,29%) 1.188 (3,83%)

City (itself)

Census year Total Serbs Muslims Croats Yugoslavs Others
1991 21.870 14,915 (68.19%) 4,228 (19.33%) 347 (1,58%) 1.470 (6,72%) 910 (4.18%)

Notable people

Gallery

  • Trebisnjica river in Trebinje

  • Arslanagić bridge seen from the side

  • Nova Gracanica church

  • Spheric view of the interior of the Nova Gracanica church

  • Trebinje 016.jpg
  • Trebinje 014.jpg
  • Trebinje 001.jpg
  • Trebinje 011.jpg
  • Trebinje 005.jpg

  • View of Gornji Orahovac, village belonging to the municipality of Trebijie

  • Old Town

  • View from the hill

References

  1. ↑ [1] Archived 21 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  2. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ Fine 1991, p. 206.
  4. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Ćorović 2001, Преокрет у држању Срба Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Corovic-Preokret" defined multiple times with different content
  7. ↑ Mihić 1975, p. 181.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 Mihić 1975, p. 196.
  9. ↑ Human Rights Watch 1993, p. 382.
  10. ↑ Bose 2002, p. 156.
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

Sources

  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Public Domain This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

External links

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