Troika (driving)

A troika pulled by horses from the Moscow stud, showing center horse wearing horse collar and shaft bow, with side horses in breastcollar harness

Traveler in a Kibitka by Aleksander Orlowski, an 1819 lithograph.

A troika (Russian: тройка, "triplet" or "trio") is a traditional Russian harness driving combination, using three horses abreast, usually pulling a sleigh. It differs from most other three-horse combinations in that the horses are harnessed abreast. The middle horse is usually harnessed in a horse collar and shaft bow; the side horses are usually in breastcollar harness. The troika is traditionally driven so that the middle horse trots and the side horses canter; the right-hand horse will be on the right lead and the left-hand horse on the left lead. The troika is often claimed to be the world's only harness combination with different gaits of the horses.

The term "troika" is sometimes used to refer to any three-horse team harnessed abreast, regardless of harness style or what horse-drawn vehicle is used.

At full speed a troika can reach 45–50 kilometres per hour (28–31 mph), which was a very high speed on land for vehicles in the 17th–19th centuries, making the troika closely associated with the fast ride.

The troika was developed in Russia during the 17th century, first being used for speedy delivering of mail and then having become common by the late 18th century. It was used for travelling in stages where teams of tired horses could be exchanged for fresh animals to transport loads over long distances. Prior to this time, only groups of three or more people could use three horses, and a single person or two people had the right to only drive a single horse or a pair.

During the Russian Empire, the upper classes would use a troika driven by a livery-clad postilion. Decorated troikas were popular in major religious celebrations and weddings.

The troika was a part of both urban and rural culture. The horses usually driven in a troika were generally plain and rather small; for example the Vyatka horse was not taller than 14.1 hands (57 inches, 145 cm). However, the wealthy preferred to use the elegant Orlov Trotter.

The first troika competitions were held in the Moscow hippodrome in 1840. The troika was also exhibited at the 1911 Festival of Empire in London.

Cultural icon

Troika with wolves, an example of Palekh miniature.

Troika has become a cultural icon of Russia, especially after it was featured in a scene of Nikolay Gogol's novel Dead Souls, where a "troika-bird" rides through the vast expanses of Russia (Oh troika, winged troika, tell me who invented you?). Gogol's "troika-bird" became a literary symbol of Russia, despite the fact that Chichikov, the person carried by the troika and the protagonist of the novel, was actually a fraudster buying "dead souls", i.e. the documents on ownership of the dead serfs whose death was still not registered by population censuses, for his own personal profit. The irony of the "troika-bird" of Russia carrying the swindler Chichikov has been discussed in Vasily Shukshin's short story Started Skidding ("Забуксовал").

See also

• Combined driving
• Driving (horse)
• Horse harness
• Horse-drawn vehicle
• Trigarium
• Types of carriages
• Zhirinovsky's ass

References

• Russian troika at zooclub.ru (Russian)
• Jingle bells at damascus.ru (Russian)