Tryblidiida

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Tryblidiida
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
(unranked): Monoplacophora
Class: Tergomya
Order: Tryblidiida
Families

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Tryblidiida is a taxon of monoplacophoran molluscans containing the only extant representatives: 29 species are still alive today, inhabiting the ocean at depths of between 175 and 6500 metres (531.34 and 21,325.5 feet).[1]

History of discoveries

Before 1952, these organisms were known only from the fossil record, ranging from the early Cambrian to the mid-Devonian periods (ca. 550 - 380 million years ago).[2] The first captured living monoplacophoran was Veleropilina zografi in 1896, but at that time it was described as if it were an archaeogastropod, a true limpet, mainly because of its patelliform (limpet-like) shell. This species was finally revealed to be monoplacophoran 87 years later, in 1983.

In April 1952, a living specimen was collected from deep depths in the Middle America Trench off Costa Rica's Pacific coast.[3] In 1957 that species was described and named Neopilina galatheae by its discoverer, Danish biologist Henning Mourier Lemche (1904–1977).[4] An expert in the field has called this discovery "one of the greatest sensations in the [twentieth] century."[5] As of 2008, there were 31 living species known, discovered in waters from 200 meters in depth to hadal depths, or more than 6,000 meters in the deepest ocean trenches.[5][6]

The first specimen photographed alive was Vema hyalina, at a depth of 400 meters off Catalina Island, California, in 1977.[7] Scientists believe that the taxon Monoplacophora is probably polyphyletic and have proposed including all the living members in the order Tryblidiida.[5] An attempt at a common name for Monoplacophores, gastroverm, proved unsuccessful, the term being called "singularly unattractive".[8] By and large, writers since have tacitly agreed; "Monoplacophores" remains the common usage.

In 1989, fossils in Italy from the middle Pleistocene were described which appear to be identical with the living species Micropilina minuta.[9]

Anatomy

File:Pilina unguis.jpg
Drawing of the shell of Pilina unguis. Head region is on the left.
File:Tryblidium reticulatum.jpg
Ventral view of the (fossil) shell of Tryblidium reticulatum Lindström, 1880. There are visible muscular attachment scars. Head region is on the upper part of the drawing. The shell length is up to 43 mm.
File:Tryblidium reticulatum 2.jpg
Dorsal view of the shell of Tryblidium reticulatum.

Little is known about monoplacophorans. They have a single, flat, rounded bilateral shell that is often thin and fragile; it ranges in size from 3 to 30 millimetres (in recent species).[citation needed] The apex of the shell is at the anterior end. The fossil shells exhibit a series of muscular attachment scars on the inner side, suggesting metamerism; indeed, with living Monoplacophora to study, it can be seen that their body segments exhibit a serial repetition of kidneys, gills and reproductive structure. This used to be interpreted as a true segmentation, which suggested a "missing link" between mollusks and annelids. More recent studies have shown that the repetition of these organs is secondary.[citation needed]

Monoplacophorans move on a rounded foot. Their reduced head lacks eyes or tentacles.

The mantle cavity forms a horseshoe-shaped groove running around the muscular foot, in a similar fashion to that of the chitons, and contains five or six gills on either side. The mouth opens on the underside between the ends of the groove, while the anus opens into the hindmost part. Like chitons, monoplacophorans possess a sensory subradula organ, as well as a rasping radula. A fold of ciliated tissue surrounds the mouth to the front and sides, while a smaller fold, bearing a number of tentacles, lies just behind it. The stomach contains a style, projecting from a diverticulum, or "style sac".

The mouth has a chevron-shaped lip in front of it, and bears tentacles behind it, which have various shapes and layouts in different species.[1]

The heart is divided into two equal halves, each with its own auricle, ventricle and aorta. The left and right aorta fuse shortly after leaving the heart, and supply blood to the open circulatory system. There are six pairs of nephridial excretory organs, which empty into the mantle cavity.

The nervous system has small ganglia around the oesophagus from which two pairs of main nerve cords run through the body; one pair supplying the foot, and the other the visceral organs. As in the chitons, these main nerve cords are connected by a series of lateral nerves, giving the layout of the nervous system an appearance somewhat like a ladder.

There are two pairs of gonads, which release gametes into the water through one of the pairs of nephridia. The sexes are separate, and fertilisation is external.[10]

Ecology

Habitat

Monoplacophora are a geographically widespread component of the benthos. Most are known from deep water (1800 – 6500 meters), although several species are found in shallower waters ranging up to 200 meters.[11]

Feeding habits

It is presumed that they graze on microscopic organisms in mud or bottom detritus.

Taxonomy of extant species

Order Tryblidiida

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ Heinz A. Lowenstam and Stephen Weiner, On Biomineralization, Oxford University Press, New York, p. 89 (1989)
  3. ↑ Enrico Schwabe, A summary of reports of abyssal and hadal Monoplacophora and Polyplacophora (Mollusca), Zootaxa 1866: 2005-222 (2008).
  4. ↑ "New Pilina": Pilina was a monoplacophore that lived during Silurian times. Galathea was the name of the Danish research vessel that recovered it.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Schwabe, above, at p. 205.
  6. ↑ A list of species names is in WoRMS World Register of Marine Species
  7. ↑ Lynn Margulis and Karlene V. Schwartz, Five Kingdoms: An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth (third edition (1997), p. 290).
  8. ↑ Sara S. Bretsky, in reviewing R. Tucker Abbott's popularization, "Kingdom of the Seashell" in The Quarterly Review of Biology (vol. 49.1 (March 1974), p. 85)
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Leiden & Copenhagen.
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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