Tui Manuʻa Elisala

Tuimanuʻa Elisala

The title Tui Manuʻa is considered one of the oldest chiefly title of the Samoa Islands and Polynesia. Tui Manuʻa Elisala (c. 1899) was the last Tuimanuʻa titleholder. He was the son of Tuimanuʻa Alalamua whose genealogy descended from the Sa Tagaloa.

History

The Tui Manu'a is one of the oldest Samoan titles in Samoa. Traditional oral literature of Samoa and Manu'a talks of a widespread Polynesian network or confederacy (or "empire") that was prehistorically ruled by the successive Tui Manu'a dynasties. Manuan genealogies and religious oral literature also suggest that the Tui Manu'a had long been one of the most prestigious and powerful paramounts Samoa. Legends suggest that the Tui Manu'a kings governed a confederacy of far-flung islands which included Fiji, the Cook Islands as well as smaller western Pacific chiefdoms and Polynesian outliers such as Uvea, Futuna, Tokelau, and Tuvalu. Commerce and exchange routes between the western Polynesian societies is well documented and it is speculated that the Tui Manu'a dynasty grew through its success in obtaining control over the oceanic trade of currency goods such as finely woven ceremonial mats, whale ivory "tabua", obsidian and basalt tools, chiefly red feathers, and seashells reserved for royalty (such as polished nautilus and the egg cowry).

The Tui Manu'a lineage of paramounts is unlike the standardised genealogies of the Tu'i Tonga line. There are various Tui Manu'a descent lines, many of which bear little resemblance to each other. It is common belief, however, as part of Samoan myths and legends, that the first Tui Manu'a was a direct descendant of the Samoan supreme god, Tagaloa. In Samoan lore, the islands of Manu'a (Ofu, Olosega, and Ta'u) are always the first lands to be created or drawn from the sea; consequently the Tui Manu'a is the first human ruler mentioned. This "senior" ranking of the Tui Manu'a title continues to be esteemed and acknowledged by Samoans despite the fact that the title itself is no longer occupied.

Ancestry and succession

Tui Manuʻa Matelita (1872–1895)

Tui Manu'a Elisara was born on the island of Ta'u as the second son of Tui Manu'a Alalamua and Sofe, a daughter of Matiu of Ta'u island. Tui Manu'a Alalamua (of the female branch called the Avaloa clan in the Tui Manu'a family) was the successor of Tui Manu'a Tauveve, also from the Avaloa clan. Shortly after the death of Tui Manu'a Alalamua a vigorous debate ensued among potential heirs. From the three main branches of the Tui Manu'a family, three candidates emerged from each clan as each endorsed by their own branches of the Tui Manu'a family and their political allies: Alalamua's own son, Elisara (from the Avaloa clan) was named as an obvious contender although Elisara himself refused the title in lieu of his religious calling. The other two claimants were Taofi (from the female branch called the Falesoā clan of the Tui Manu'a family) and a young woman named Matelita (a descendant of Tui Manu'a Taliutafa Tupolo, son of Tui Manu'a Moaatoa of the Anoalo clan). With Elisara temporarily out of the succession, Taofi remained as one of the lesser direct heir and his party named him Tui Manu'a. Matelita's party, however, was able to amass even more support for her campaign (mainly through her male-side lineage of the Anoalo clan of the Tui Manu'a family and Eastern and Western Samoan relatives of her half-caste father Arthur Stephen "Pa'u" Young); Taofi capitulated to her sovereignty and she held the title until her death in 1895. As there were no other available family member of the male branch from the Anoalo clan after Tui Manu'a Matelita to take the title, in 1899 chiefly assembly of the Faletolu and Anoalo appointed the title to one of the female branches the Avaloa clan from Alalamua's line by persuading Elisara to take the throne.

Last titleholder

Tui Manu’a Elisara Alalamua attended the London Missionary Society seminary in Malua on 'Upolu island and returned to his native village where he served as the Congregationalist minister of Fitiuta. When the Faletolu (chiefly assembly) of Ta'u approached Elisara about taking the Tui Manu'a throne the request was initially denied on the grounds of his ministry. However, when the Berlin Act placed the Manu'a islands under the protection of the United States, he was petitioned zealously by the people of Manu'a. He accepted the leadership role and was bestowed the paramount title of Tui Manu'a on the island of Ta'u on 25 October 1899.

The Manu'a islands were grouped with Tutuila and Aunu'u as the United States possession now called American Samoa. The presidency of the United States, and to some extent the military authorities of the US Navy, supplanted the native administrative role of the Tui Manu'a. On 6 July 1904 Tui Manu'a Elisara officially ceded the islands of Manu'a to the United States through the signing of the Treaty of Cession of Manu'a. He was relegated the office of Governor of Manu'a for the term of life and the understanding that the Tui Manu'a title would follow him to the grave. He died in 2 July 1909.

After a fifteen-year break, the office was revived in 1924 when Chris Young, a member of the Anoalo clan of the Tui Manu'a family and the brother of Tui Manu'a Matelita who reigned between 1890–95, was named Tui Manu'a by the general assembly of the Faletolu and Anoalo. American officials were worried that the Manu'ans were restoring a "king" who would cause trouble for the administration. Governor Edward Stanley Kellogg opposed the bestowal and had the new Tui Manu'a brought to Tutuila where he was prevented from exercising the powers of his office. The Governor did not recognise the title on the basis that a monarchy was incompatible within the framework of the Constitution of the United States, and the previous Tui Manu'a had pledged to be the last person to hold the title.

List of Tui Manuʻa

1. Satiailemoa
2. Tele (brother of Satiailemoa)
3. Maugaotele
4. Folasa or Taeotagaloa
5. Faʻaeanuʻu I or Faʻatutupunuʻu
6. Saoʻioʻiomanu (Saʻo or eldest son of Faʻaeanuʻu I)
7. Saopuʻu (second son of Faʻaeanuʻu I)
8. Saoloa (third son of Faʻaeanuʻu I)
9. Tuʻufesoa (fourth son of Faʻaeanuʻu I)
10. Letupua (fifth son of Faʻaeanuʻu I)
11. Saofolau (sixth son of Faʻaeanuʻu I)
12. Saoluaga
13. Lelologatele (eldest son of Saofolau)
14. Aliʻimatua (eldest son of Lelologatele)
15. Aliʻitama (second son of Lelologatele)
16. Tui Oligo (grandson or son of Aliʻitama's daughter)
17. Faʻaeanuʻu II (eldest son of Tui Oligo)
18. Puipuipo (second son of Tui Oligo)
19. Siliʻaivao (third son of Tui Oligo)
20. Tuimanufili (daughter of Faʻaeanuʻu II)
21. Faʻatoʻalia Manu-o-le-faletolu (eldest son of Tuimanufili)
22. Segisegi (son of Faʻatoʻalia)
23. Siliave (daughter of Faʻatoʻalia)
24. Tui-o-Pomelea (son of Siliave)
25. Tui-o-Lite (or Tui Aitu) (son of Tui-o-Pomelea)
26. Toʻalepai (son of Tui-o-Lite)
27. Seuea (daughter of Toʻalepai)
28. Salofi (brother of Seuea)
29. Levaomana (son of Salofi)
30. Taliutafapule (son of Salofi and brother of Levaomana)
31. Taʻalolomana Muaatoa
32. Tupalo
33. Seiuli
34. Uʻuolelaoa (killed in a war with Fitiuta)
35. Fagaese
36. Tauveve
37. Tauilima
38. Alalamua
39. Matelita or Makelita (1872–1895)
40. Elisala or Elisara (died 1909)
41. Chris (Kilisi) Taliutafa Young (1924)

References

Sources

• McMullin, Dan. 2005. "The Passive Resistance of Samoans to US and Other Colonialisms", article in "Sovereignty Matters" [1], University of Nebraska Press.
• Office of the Governor. 2004. Manu'a ma Amerika. A brief historical documentary. Manu'a Centennial. 16 July 1904. 16 July 2004. Office of the Governor, American Samoa Government. 20 p.
• David Hatcher Childress, Ancient Tonga & The Lost City of Mu'a, Adventures Unlimited Press (1996)
• Samoa News [2]
• Linnekin, Hunt, Lang & McCormick (University of Hawaii Pacific Islands Cooperative Botanic Studies Institute)[3]