Thermogenin

Uncoupling protein 1 (mitochondrial, proton carrier)
Identifiers
Symbols	UCP1 ; SLC25A7; UCP
External IDs	OMIM: 113730 MGI: 98894 HomoloGene: 22524 GeneCards: UCP1 Gene
Gene ontology Molecular function • oxidative phosphorylation uncoupler activity Cellular component • mitochondrion • mitochondrial inner membrane • integral component of membrane Biological process • regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter • mitochondrial transport • proton transport • respiratory electron transport chain • cellular metabolic process • small molecule metabolic process • brown fat cell differentiation Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	7350	22227
Ensembl	ENSG00000109424	ENSMUSG00000031710
UniProt	P25874	P12242
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_021833	NM_009463
RefSeq (protein)	NP_068605	NP_033489
Location (UCSC)	Chr 4: 140.56 – 140.57 Mb	Chr 8: 83.29 – 83.3 Mb
PubMed search	[1]	[2]

Thermogenin (called uncoupling protein by its discoverers and now known as uncoupling protein 1, or UCP1) is an uncoupling protein found in the mitochondria of brown adipose tissue (BAT). It is used to generate heat by non-shivering thermogenesis, and makes a quantitatively important contribution to countering heat loss in neonates which would otherwise occur due to the high surface area-volume ratio.

Mechanism

Mechanism of thermogenin activation: In a last step thermogenin inhibition is released through the presence of free fatty acids. The cascade is initiated by binding of norepinephrine to the cells β₃-adrenoceptors.

UCPs are transmembrane proteins that decrease the proton gradient generated in oxidative phosphorylation. They do this by increasing the permeability of the inner mitochondrial membrane, allowing protons that have been pumped into the intermembrane space to return to the mitochondrial matrix. UCP1-mediated heat generation in brown fat uncouples the respiratory chain, allowing for fast substrate oxidation with a low rate of ATP production. UCP1 is related to other mitochondrial metabolite transporters such as the adenine nucleotide translocator, a proton channel in the mitochondrial inner membrane that permits the translocation of protons from the mitochondrial intermembrane space to the mitochondrial matrix. UCP1 is restricted to brown adipose tissue, where it provides a mechanism for the enormous heat-generating capacity of the tissue.

UCP1 is activated in the brown fat cell by fatty acids and inhibited by nucleotides. Fatty acids cause the following signaling cascade: Sympathetic nervous system terminals release Norepinephrine onto a Beta-3 adrenergic receptor on the plasma membrane. This activates adenylyl cyclase, which catalyses the conversion of ATP to cyclic AMP (cAMP). cAMP activates protein kinase A, causing its active C subunits to be freed from its regulatory R subunits. Active protein kinase A, in turn, phosphorylates triacylglycerol lipase, thereby activating it. The lipase converts triacylglycerols into free fatty acids, which activate UCP1, overriding the inhibition caused by purine nucleotides (GDP and ADP). At the termination of thermogenesis, the mitochondria oxidize away the residual fatty acids, UCP1 inactivates and the cell resumes its normal energy-conserving mode.

History

Uncoupling protein 1 was discovered in 1978 and was first cloned in 1988.

Uncoupling protein two (UCP2), a homolog of UCP1, was identified in 1997. UCP2 localizes to a wide variety of tissues, and is thought to be involved in regulating reactive oxygen species (ROS). In the past decade, three additional homologs of UCP1 have been identified, including UCP3, UCP4, and BMCP1 (also known as UCP5).

Clinical Relevance

Methods of delivering UCP1 to cells (e.g. by gene transfer therapy) or methods of its upregulation have been an important line of enquiry in research into the treatment of obesity, due to their ability to dissipate excess metabolic stores.

See also

• 2,4-Dinitrophenol

External links

• Seaweed anti-obesity tablet hope (BBC - Thermogenin mentioned as part of process)
• thermogenin at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)