Ulukhaktok

Ulukhaktok Ulukhaqtuuq Uluqsaqtuuq formerly Holman
Hamlet
Looking at Ulukhaktok from the bluffs that give the community its name. Looking at Ulukhaktok from the bluffs that give the community its name.
Ulukhaktok
Coordinates:
Country	Canada
Territory	Northwest Territories
Region	Inuvik Region
Constituency	Nunakput
Census division	Region 1
Settled	1937
Incorporated (hamlet)	1 April 1984
Government
• Mayor	Laverna Klengenberg
• Senior Administrative Officer	William Bennett
• MLA	Jackie Jacobson
Area
• Land	124.45 km2 (48.05 sq mi)
Elevation	36 m (118 ft)
Highest elevation	36 m (118 ft)
Lowest elevation	0 m (0 ft)
Population (2011)
• Total	402
• Density	3.2/km2 (8/sq mi)
Time zone	Mountain (MST) (UTC−7)
• Summer (DST)	MDT (UTC−6)
Canadian Postal code	X0E 0S0
Area code(s)	867
Telephone exchange	396
- Living cost	177.5
- Food price index	204.1
Sources: Department of Municipal and Community Affairs, Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre, Canada Flight Supplement ^A 2009 figure based on Edmonton = 100 ^B 2010 figure based on Yellowknife = 100

Ulukhaktok (traditional spelling Ulukhaqtuuq and known until 1 April 2006 as Holman) is a small hamlet on the west coast of Victoria Island, in the Inuvik Region of the Northwest Territories, Canada.

Like other small traditional communities in the territories, hunting, trapping, and fishing are major sources of income, but printmaking has taken over as the primary source of income in recent years.

The two principal languages in Ulukhaktok are the Kangiryuarmiutun dialect of Inuinnaqtun, which is politically part of the Inuvialuktun group, and English.

History

File:Communities where Inuinnaqtun is spoken.png

Communities where Inuinnaqtun is spoken including Ulukhaktok

The first people to settle in the area were Natkusiak and his family in 1937. Two years later, the Hudson's Bay Company relocated from Walker Bay and a Roman Catholic mission was opened the same year.

The English name, Holman, was in honour of J.R. Holman, a member of Sir Edward Augustus Inglefield's 1853 expedition in search for the Arctic explorer, John Franklin. The community was sometimes known as Holman Island. This, however, is the name of the small island outcrop to the east-southeast in the Amundsen Gulf.

In 2006, the community was renamed with the traditional name, Ulukhaktok, meaning "the place where ulu parts are found", or "a large bluff where we used to collect raw material to make ulus". The large bluff that overlooks Ulukhaktok was the source that provided the slate and copper used to make ulus and give the community its name. Thus, the people who live there are called Ulukhaktokmiut ("people of"). Ulukhaktokmiut is a recent word as no people actually lived permanently in this area until the opening of the Hudson's Bay Company store, although people did visit the area to obtain the ulu materials and camp en route to other nomadic seasonal camp areas.

Inuit traded with mainland groups as far east as King William Island and as far south as Great Bear Lake although most commerce occurred with the Inuvialuit and Copper Inuit populations indigenous to the Coppermine River watershed and Bernard Harbour seasonal areas on the mainland. The majority of Ulukhaktokmiut come from a varied background, with family ties extending mainly to the Coppermine River community of Kugluktuk, Nunavut and the communities of the Mackenzie River Delta and Beaufort Sea, though some families have relatives as far away as Gjoa Haven on King William Island, and along the north slope of Alaska as far as Port Clarence on the Seward Peninsula.

Some families are descendants of the Danish explorer-trader Christian Klengenberg. Others are descended from two members of the Vilhjalmur Stefansson led, Canadian Arctic Expedition. The first was Natkusiak, a friend of Stefansson, he was the primary guide and lead hunter of the expedition. Originally from Port Clarence, Alaska he was later known as Billy Banksland, this name came from his time trapping Arctic foxes on Banks Island. Another member of the expedition with relatives in the area was the Alaskan Inupiat, Ikey Bolt from Point Hope. Married to Klengenberg's daughter Etna, they lived for several years at Rymer Point before moving to Minto Inlet and eventually to Coppermine (now Kugluktuk).

Demographics

The 2011 census indicated a population of 402, an increase of 1.0% from 2006. In the 2011 census there was a total population of 398. Of these, 360 (90.0%) were Inuvialuit or Inuit along with 7.5% non-Aboriginal and 2.5% North American Indian. In 2012 the Government of the Northwest Territories reported that the population was 471 with an average yearly growth rate of 1.5 from 2001.

Historical population
Year Pop. ±% 1996 443 —     1997 450 +1.6% 1998 438 −2.7% 1999 435 −0.7% 2000 422 −3.0% 2001 417 −1.2% 2002 415 −0.5% 2003 424 +2.2% 2004 413 −2.6%	Year Pop. ±% 2005 425 +2.9% 2006 412 −3.1% 2007 431 +4.6% 2008 445 +3.2% 2009 461 +3.6% 2010 473 +2.6% 2011 482 +1.9% 2012 479 −0.6%
Sources: NWT Bureau of Statistics (2001 - 2012)

Economy

In recent years, this hamlet has seen both sides of the rush for mineral exploration and has regained an appreciation for its wild places and culturally sensitive areas where long-gone relatives once survived and lived with the ice and snow. Some private concerns have witnessed the zeal with which these locals defend their competing interests for the same tracts of land and resources. Other companies have learned to work with residents and this has produced some hope for mineral development around traditional lands and other cultural areas of these Inuvialuit and their fellow Inuit brethren. Arts and crafts are also another source of income with international recognition of local artisans. Occasionally some residents travel to such places as San Francisco, California or Melbourne, Australia, but more often to other regional centers across the north.

Ulukhaktok is home to the Holman Eskimo Co-op which was formed by the residents of the community with the help of a Roman Catholic priest, Father Henri Tardy. The Co-op was formed to provide income to the residents of the community by producing arts and crafts, and is famous for the production of prints. Formally Holman Prints, artists in the community sell their art though the Ulukhaktok Arts Centre. Famous artists who have produced prints for the Holman Eskimo Co-op include Mary Okheena and Helen Kalvak. The Holman Eskimo Co-op now is involved in arts and crafts, retailing, the hotel business, cable television, operates a Canada Post outlet, operates the fuel delivery contract, and is the local Aklak Air agent.

Ulukhaktok is also the location of the world's most northern golf course and hosts the "Billy Joss Open Celebrity Golf Tournament" every summer. Over the years they have managed to attract players from the Edmonton Oilers and the Edmonton Eskimos, as well as golfers from other countries. This tournament is growing and features excursions to traditional areas where Arctic char and Northern Lake trout are harvested for subsistence as well as limited commercial fishing and hunting.

Climate

Ulukhaktok has a tundra climate.

Climate data for Ulukhaktok/Holman Airport
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high humidex	−7.2	−9.4	−7.6	6.9	10.6	23.0	27.9	24.5	17.1	5.1	0.1	−3.2	27.9
Record high °C (°F)	−4.0 (24.8)	−6.5 (20.3)	−5.0 (23)	4.5 (40.1)	11.5 (52.7)	22.5 (72.5)	29.0 (84.2)	23.5 (74.3)	15.8 (60.4)	5.9 (42.6)	1.1 (34)	−3.0 (26.6)	29.0 (84.2)
Average high °C (°F)	−24.3 (−11.7)	−24.9 (−12.8)	−21.4 (−6.5)	−12.6 (9.3)	−3.2 (26.2)	7.8 (46)	12.8 (55)	9.3 (48.7)	3.1 (37.6)	−6.2 (20.8)	−16.5 (2.3)	−21.6 (−6.9)	−8.1 (17.4)
Daily mean °C (°F)	−28.0 (−18.4)	−28.8 (−19.8)	−25.6 (−14.1)	−17.0 (1.4)	−6.6 (20.1)	4.6 (40.3)	9.0 (48.2)	6.4 (43.5)	0.9 (33.6)	−8.9 (16)	−19.8 (−3.6)	−25.2 (−13.4)	−11.6 (11.1)
Average low °C (°F)	−31.8 (−25.2)	−32.6 (−26.7)	−29.8 (−21.6)	−21.4 (−6.5)	−10.0 (14)	1.4 (34.5)	5.2 (41.4)	3.4 (38.1)	−1.3 (29.7)	−11.4 (11.5)	−23.1 (−9.6)	−28.6 (−19.5)	−15.0 (5)
Record low °C (°F)	−47.5 (−53.5)	−49.0 (−56.2)	−45.0 (−49)	−42.1 (−43.8)	−26.5 (−15.7)	−12.5 (9.5)	−3.5 (25.7)	−5.5 (22.1)	−15.5 (4.1)	−36.8 (−34.2)	−37.5 (−35.5)	−42.8 (−45)	−49.0 (−56.2)
Record low wind chill	−59.8	−59.2	−61.9	−45.6	−31.0	−18.3	−6.8	−11.1	−21.9	−44.7	−51.3	−51.2	−61.9
Average precipitation mm (inches)	8.4 (0.331)	7.5 (0.295)	7.3 (0.287)	5.3 (0.209)	7.4 (0.291)	8.0 (0.315)	22.4 (0.882)	32.2 (1.268)	19.8 (0.78)	17.1 (0.673)	11.5 (0.453)	8.5 (0.335)	155.3 (6.114)
Average rainfall mm (inches)	0.0 (0)	0.0 (0)	0.0 (0)	0.0 (0)	1.1 (0.043)	6.9 (0.272)	22.2 (0.874)	30.2 (1.189)	13.2 (0.52)	0.6 (0.024)	0.0 (0)	0.0 (0)	74.2 (2.921)
Average snowfall cm (inches)	8.5 (3.35)	7.5 (2.95)	7.5 (2.95)	5.3 (2.09)	6.4 (2.52)	1.2 (0.47)	0.2 (0.08)	2.0 (0.79)	6.6 (2.6)	16.9 (6.65)	12.3 (4.84)	8.9 (3.5)	83.3 (32.8)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm)	5.3	5.2	4.9	3.9	4.8	4.7	7.8	11.0	9.3	9.5	7.3	5.3	78.9
Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm)	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.6	3.9	7.8	10.5	6.3	0.4	0.0	0.0	29.4
Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm)	5.3	5.2	5.0	3.9	4.4	1.0	0.2	0.8	3.5	9.4	7.4	5.4	51.5
Source: Environment Canada Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010

See also

• List of municipalities in the Northwest Territories
• Ulukhaktok/Holman Airport
• Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories

References

• Richard G. Condon, Julia Ogina and the Holman Elders, The Northern Copper Inuit (ISBN 0-8020-0849-6)

External links

• Holman Eskimo Co-op
• 1905 Christian Klengenberg NWT Historical Timeline, Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre]
• Ulukhaktok Arts Centre (formally Holman Prints)