United States House of Representatives elections, 1860
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All 183 seats to the United States House of Representatives 92 seats were needed for a majority |
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Elections among the 33 states to the 37th United States Congress of the House of Representatives were held August 1860 through September 1861. Following the presidential election of 1860, Electoral College vote and Inauguration swearing-in, their term would coincide with the first two years of Abraham Lincoln's first administration.
Republican candidates won increasing percentages of the House in 1856, 1858 and, in 1860, after secessionist losses, they amounted to 59% of the House. In the same six-year period of political chaos running up to the American Civil War, the Democratic Party atrophied from holding the presidency and a two-thirds majority, to a minority caucus of less than one-third and loss of supporting presidential patronage.
This election forged Northern unity behind the pro-union Republican Party of 108 Representatives, and broad based pro-union majorities in the north and south border states among the mostly Douglas Democrats with 45 members[Note 2] and the Unionists and others amounting to another 30.
The last of a Democratic Party dominated by the slave-holding states was left to a remnant. The national party was destroyed by infighting over slavery, with minority cotton state delegates walking out in national conventions at Charleston and again at Baltimore. They were left with a rump session of cotton South delegates nominating John Breckinridge in Richmond. Those delegates returning to Congress withdrew, resigned, or were expelled. The nativist American Party completely collapsed in 1860.[1]
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Contents
- 1 Election summaries
- 2 Impact of the secessionist movement
- 3 End of a Congressional era
- 4 Results by region
- 5 See also
- 6 Notes
- 7 References
- 8 Bibliography
- 9 External links
Election summaries
California was apportioned an additional seat for the 37th Congress,[2] increasing the total number of seats to 239. Due to the secession of the Southern states, 58 of the 66 total seats held collectively by those states were vacant, all but 3 of Tennessee's seats and 5 of Virginia's seats. The states of Arkansas, Florida, and South Carolina held elections for the 37th Congress, but seceded before the start of Congress, and so the winners of those elections never served. The rest of the secessionist states held no elections for 1860.
108 | 30 | 1 | 44 |
Republican | Unionist | ID | Democratic |
State | Type | Date | Total seats |
Republican | Democratic | Unionist[Note 3] | Others | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Seats | Change | Seats | Change | Seats | Change | Seats | Change | ||||||
1859 election | |||||||||||||
Kansas[Note 4] | At-large | December 1, 1859 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||
1860 elections | |||||||||||||
Delaware | At-large | November 6, 1860 (Election Day)[Note 5] |
1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | ||||
Illinois | District | 9 | 4 | 5 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
Massachusetts | District | 11 | 10 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |||||
Michigan | District | 4 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |||||
Minnesota | At-large | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
New Jersey | District | 5 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |||||
New York | District | 33 | 23 | 3 | 10[Note 2] | 3 | 0 | 0 | |||||
Wisconsin | District | 3 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |||||
Indiana | District | October 9, 1860 | 11 | 7 | 4 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
Iowa | District | October 9, 1860 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
Maine | District | September 10, 1860 | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
Missouri | District | August 6, 1860 | 7 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1[Note 6] | ||
Ohio | District | October 9, 1860 | 21 | 13 | 2 | 8 | 2 | 0 | 0 | ||||
Oregon[Note 7] | At-large | June 4, 1860 November 6, 1860 |
1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
Pennsylvania | District | October 9, 1860 | 25 | 19 | 1 | 6 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||||
Vermont | District | September 4, 1860 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
1861 elections | |||||||||||||
California | At-large | September 4, 1861 | 3[Note 8] | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||
Connecticut | District | April 1, 1861 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | ||||
Kentucky | District | June 20, 1861 | 10 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 9 | 9 | 0 | 5[Note 9] | |||
Maryland | District | June 13, 1861 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 6 | 6 | 0 | 3[Note 6] | |||
New Hampshire | District | March 12, 1861 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
Rhode Island | District | April 3, 1861 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | ||||
Tennessee | District | August 1, 1861 | 10[Note 10] | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 7[Note 9] | |||
Virginia | District | October 24, 1861 | 13[Note 11] | 0 | 0 | 12 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 1[Note 9] | |||
Secessionist States with no Representation | |||||||||||||
Alabama | District | 7 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
Arkansas | District | August 6, 1860 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
Florida | At-large | October 1, 1860 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
Georgia | District | 8 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 2[Note 12] | |||||
Louisiana | District | 4 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 1[Note 9] | ||||
Mississippi | District | 5 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
North Carolina | District | 8 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 3[Note 9] | |||||
South Carolina | District | October 8–9, 1860 | 6 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
Texas | District | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
Total[Note 13] | 181 58 vacancies |
108 59.0% |
8 | 45[Note 2] 24.6% |
53 | 30 16.4% |
30 | 0 0.0% |
24[Note 14] |
Impact of the secessionist movement
In the wake of the declared secession of South Carolina from the Union on December 20, 1860, many Southern House members, mostly Democrats, refused to take their seats, rejecting the election of Lincoln as illegitimate. Before 1872, different states held elections at various times; the first elections for the 37th Congress were held on August 6, 1860 in Arkansas and Missouri, while the last election took place in California on September 4, 1861, a year later. Three Southern states – Arkansas, Florida, and South Carolina – chose Representatives before the presidential election, electing seven Democrats and two independents. These were the only House elections from the seceding states to the 37th Congress. After South Carolina resolved disunion and the Confederate States of America was formed, other Southern states declared as well and elected Representatives to the new Congress of the Confederate States instead of the United States Congress.
Since the states not holding elections had many strong Democratic districts – in the previous 36th Congress their Representatives included a total of 46 Democrats, 14 Oppositionists, five independents, and one member of the American Party – when Congress was called into session on July 4, 1861 (five months earlier than usual at the time) the size of the Democratic House caucus had been drastically reduced, resulting in a huge Republican majority.
Of the 183 seats, 102 were held by Republicans, 45 by Democrats,[Note 2] 23 by Unionists, and five others by one party each. There were several vacancies, and California had not held its election when Congress assembled.
End of a Congressional era
US Congressional Party Transformation, 1857–1863[3] | |||
---|---|---|---|
Congress | 35th 1857–59 |
36th 1859–61 |
37th 1861–63 |
United States House of Representatives | |||
Seats (change) | 237 (+3) | 238 (+1) | 183 (–55) |
Republicans | 90.38% | 116.49% | 108.59% |
Unionists | 0.0% | 0.0% | 31.17% |
Americans (+) | 14.6% | 39.16% (4-way split) | 0.0% |
Democrats | 133.56% | 83.35% | 44.24% |
United States Senate | |||
Seats (change) | 66 (+4) | 68 (+2) | 50 (–18) |
Republicans | 20.30% | 26.38% | 31.62% |
Unionists | 0.0% | 0.0% | 3.6% |
Americans | 5.8% | 2.3% | 0.0% |
Democrats | 41.62% | 38.58% | 15.30% |
In 1860, Lincoln's campaign brought the Republicans the Presidency. Likewise, the congressional elections also marked the transition from one major era of political parties to another. In just six years, over the course of the 35th, 36th and 37th Congresses, a complete reversal of party fortunes swamped the Democrats.[4]
Elections for Congress were held from August 1860 to June 1861. They were held before, during and after the pre-determined Presidential campaign. And they were held before, during and after the secessionist campaigns in various states as they were reported throughout the country. Political conditions varied hugely from time to time during the course of congressional selection, but they had been shifting to a considerable extent in the years running up to the crisis.[6]
In the 1856 elections, the Democrats had taken the Presidency for the sixth time in the last 40 years, with James Buchanan's victory over John C. Fremont and Millard Fillmore. They held almost a two-thirds majority in both the US House and Senate. Democrats held onto the Senate during the midterm elections, but the four opposition parties then amounted to two-thirds of the House. The congressional elections in 1860 transformed Democratic fortunes: Republican and Unionist candidates won a two-thirds majority in both House and Senate.[7]
After the secessionist withdrawal, resignation and expulsion, the Democrats would have less than 25% of the House for the 37th Congress, and that minority divided further between pro-unionists (Stephen Douglas), and anti-war (Clement Vallandingham) factions.[8]
Results by region
The politics of these elections were distinctive in every region of the country. The more conventional listing of Members in their state delegations, alphabetically by state, can be found at the 37th Congress article.
Party | Total seats | Change | Percentage |
---|---|---|---|
Republican Party | 108 | –8 | 59.0% |
Democratic Party | 44 | –39 | 24.0% |
Independent Democrat | 1 | – | 0.5% |
Constitutional Unionist Party | 30 | +30 | 16.3% |
Totals | 183 | –56 | 100.0% |
Each Region below lists the states composing it using Freehling's descriptions from 1860. The Representative's biographies are linked at their names. Each Congressional District has a link, named by its state abbreviation and its assigned number or noted At-large election. In a time before the Census Department published aggregate population data by Congressional District, the reader may have ready access to census data identifying the make up of those each district by referring to their respective articles.
The articles use different formats. The constituent counties of Congressional Districts are sometimes listed in a contents heading "List of representatives" within tables. These tables have a column naming the District's counties for each election, such as (a) "District Area" for Massachusetts, or (b) "Area" for Illinois and Maryland. Virginia uses "Historical composition of the district" to describe composition at each reapportionment. Pennsylvania notes the home county of the elected representative, sometimes holding the largest population for respective districts. Minnesota makes a geographical allusion for its 1st District applicable to the 37th Congress. Michigan uses "History" since 1852 for its 4th district. In some states, previous district composition is not described.
New England
The twenty-nine seats in the House among these six states are divided 24 Republican, two Union Party, one Constitutional Union, and two Democratic. The region is important nationally in manufacturing and intellectually as the center of literature, Transcendentalism and the abolition movement.
Connecticut
- CT-1. Dwight Loomis (R)
- CT-2. James E. English (D)
- CT-3. Alfred A. Burnham (R)
- CT-4. George C. Woodruff (D)
Maine
District | Incumbent | Party | First elected |
Result | Candidates |
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Maine 1 | Daniel E. Somes | Republican | 1858 | Retired Republican Hold |
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Maine 2 | John J. Perry | Republican | 1854 | Retired Republican Hold |
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Maine 3 | Ezra B. French | Republican | 1858 | Retired Republican Hold |
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Maine 4 | Freeman H. Morse | Republican | 1856 | Retired Republican Hold |
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Maine 5 | Israel Washburn, Jr. | Republican | 1850 | Retired to run for Governor Republican Hold |
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Maine 6 | Stephen C. Foster | Republican | 1856 | Retired Republican Hold |
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Massachusetts
District | Incumbent | Party | First elected |
Result | Candidates |
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Massachusetts 1 | Thomas D. Eliot | Republican | 1858 | Re-elected | <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/>
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Massachusetts 2 | James Buffington | Republican | 1854 | Re-elected | <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/>
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Massachusetts 3 | Charles Francis Adams, Sr. | Republican | 1858 | Re-elected | <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/>
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Massachusetts 4 | Alexander H. Rice | Republican | 1858 | Re-elected | <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/>
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Massachusetts 5 | Anson Burlingame | Republican | 1854 | Lost re-election Constitutional Union Gain |
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Massachusetts 6 | John B. Alley | Republican | 1858 | Re-elected | <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/>
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Massachusetts 7 | Daniel W. Gooch | Republican | 1858 | Re-elected | <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/>
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Massachusetts 8 | Charles R. Train | Republican | 1859 | Re-elected | <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/>
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Massachusetts 9 | Eli Thayer | Constitutional Union | 1856 | Defeated Republican Gain |
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Massachusetts 10 | Charles Delano | Republican | 1858 | Re-elected | <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/>
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Massachusetts 11 | Henry L. Dawes | Republican | 1856 | Re-elected | <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/>
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New Hampshire
- NH-1. Gilman Marston (R)
- NH-2. Edward H. Rollins (R)
- NH-3. Thomas M. Edwards (R)
Rhode Island
- RI-1. William P. Sheffield (U)
- RI-2. George H. Browne (U)
Vermont
District | Incumbent | Party | First elected |
Result | Candidates |
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Vermont 1 | Eliakim P. Walton | Republican | 1856 | Re-elected | <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/>
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Vermont 2 | Justin S. Morrill | Republican | 1854 | Re-elected | <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/>
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Vermont 3 | Homer E. Royce | Republican | 1856 | Retired Republican Hold |
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North Central
The thirty-eight Representatives from this region will seat 25 Republicans and thirteen Democrats. This region had the closest commercial and social ties to the South due to its sea-going commerce and trans-shipping cotton to local textile plants and for export.
New Jersey
District | Incumbent | Party | First elected |
Result | Candidates |
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New Jersey 1 | John T. Nixon | Republican | 1858 | Re-elected | <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/>
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New Jersey 2 | John L. N. Stratton | Republican | 1858 | Re-elected | <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/>
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New Jersey 3 | Garnett Adrain | Anti-Lecompton Democrat | 1856 | Retired Democratic Hold |
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New Jersey 4 | Jetur R. Riggs | Anti-Lecompton Democrat | 1858 | Retired Democratic Hold |
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New Jersey 5 | William Pennington | Republican | 1858 | Defeated Democratic Gain |
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New York
District | Incumbent | Party | First elected |
Result | Candidates |
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New York 1 | Luther C. Carter | Republican | 1858 | Defeated Democratic Gain |
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New York 2 | James Humphrey | Republican | 1858 | Defeated Democratic Gain |
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New York 3 | Daniel Sickles | Democratic | 1856 | Retired Democratic Hold |
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New York 4 | Thomas J. Barr | Independent Democrat | 1858 | Retired Independent Democrat Hold |
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New York 5 | William B. Maclay | Democratic | 1856 | Retired Republican Gain |
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New York 6 | John Cochrane | Democratic | 1856 | Lost Re-nomination Republican Gain |
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New York 7 | George Briggs | Republican | 1858 | Retired Democratic Gain |
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New York 8 | Horace F. Clark | Anti-Lecompton Democrat | 1856 | Retired Democratic hold |
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New York 9 | John B. Haskin | Anti-Lecompton Democrat | 1856 | Retired Democratic hold |
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New York 10 | Charles Van Wyck | Republican | 1858 | Re-elected | <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/>
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New York 11 | William S. Kenyon | Republican | 1858 | Retired Democratic Gain |
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New York 12 | Charles Lewis Beale | Republican | 1858 | Retired Republican hold |
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New York 13 | Abram B. Olin | Republican | 1856 | Re-elected | <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/>
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New York 14 | John H. Reynolds | Anti-Lecompton Democrat | 1858 | Retired Democratic hold |
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New York 15 | James B. McKean | Republican | 1858 | Re-elected | <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/>
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New York 16 | George W. Palmer | Republican | 1856 | Retired Republican hold |
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New York 17 | Francis E. Spinner | Republican | 1854 | Retired Republican hold |
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New York 18 | Clark B. Cochrane | Republican | 1856 | Retired Democratic Gain |
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New York 19 | James H. Graham | Republican | 1858 | Retired Republican hold |
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New York 20 | Roscoe Conkling | Republican | 1858 | Re-elected | <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/>
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New York 21 | R. Holland Duell | Republican | 1858 | Re-elected | <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/>
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New York 22 | M. Lindley Lee | Republican | 1858 | Retired Republican hold |
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New York 23 | Charles B. Hoard | Republican | 1856 | Retired Republican hold |
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New York 24 | Charles B. Sedgwick | Republican | 1858 | Re-elected | <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/>
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New York 25 | Martin Butterfield | Republican | 1858 | Retired Republican hold |
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New York 26 | Emory B. Pottle | Republican | 1856 | Retired Republican hold |
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New York 27 | Alfred Wells | Republican | 1858 | Retired Republican hold |
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New York 28 | William Irvine | Republican | 1858 | Retired Republican hold |
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New York 29 | Alfred Ely | Republican | 1858 | Re-elected | <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/>
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New York 30 | Augustus Frank | Republican | 1858 | Re-elected | <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/>
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New York 31 | Edwin R. Reynolds | Republican | 1860 | Retired Republican hold |
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New York 32 | Elbridge G. Spaulding | Republican | 1858 | Re-elected | <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/>
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New York 33 | Reuben Fenton | Republican | 1856 | Re-elected | <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/>
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Border North
The 73 seats in this region were split 50 Republican, 23 Democratic. Illinois is the only state here with more Democrats than Republicans.
These are free-soil states, north of the Mason–Dixon line. These states had either abolished slavery, or Congress had forbidden it in their Territory, and they had forbidden it at the beginning of their statehood.[9]
Illinois
District | Incumbent | Party | First elected |
Result | Candidates |
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Illinois 1 | Elihu B. Washburne | Republican | 1852 | Re-elected | <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/>
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Illinois 2 | John F. Farnsworth | Republican | 1856 | Retired Republican Hold |
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Illinois 3 | Owen Lovejoy | Republican | 1856 | Re-elected | <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/>
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Illinois 4 | William Kellogg | Republican | 1856 | Re-elected | <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/>
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Illinois 5 | Isaac N. Morris | Democratic | 1856 | Retired Democratic Hold |
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Illinois 6 | John A. McClernand | Democratic | 1859 | Re-elected | <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/>
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Illinois 7 | James C. Robinson | Democratic | 1858 | Re-elected | <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/>
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Illinois 8 | Philip B. Fouke | Democratic | 1858 | Re-elected | <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/>
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Illinois 9 | John A. Logan | Democratic | 1858 | Re-elected | <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/>
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Indiana
District | Incumbent | Party | First elected |
Result | Candidates |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indiana 1 | William E. Niblack | Democratic | 1857 | Retired Democratic Hold |
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Indiana 2 | William H. English | Democratic | 1858 | Retired Democratic Hold |
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Indiana 3 | William M. Dunn | Republican | 1858 | Re-elected | <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/>
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Indiana 4 | William S. Holman | Democratic | 1858 | Re-elected | <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/>
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Indiana 5 | David Kilgore | Republican | 1858 | Retired Republican Hold |
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Indiana 6 | Albert G. Porter | Republican | 1858 | Re-elected | <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/>
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Indiana 7 | John G. Davis | Anti-Lecompton Democrat | 1858 | Retired Democratic Hold |
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Indiana 8 | James Wilson | Republican | 1858 | Retired Republican Hold |
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Indiana 9 | Schuyler Colfax | Republican | 1858 | Re-elected | <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/>
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Indiana 10 | Charles Case | Republican | 1858 | Retired Republican Hold |
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Indiana 11 | John U. Pettit | Republican | 1856 | Retired Republican Hold |
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Michigan
District | Incumbent | Party | First elected |
Result | Candidates |
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Michigan 1 | William A. Howard | Republican | 1854 | Retired Republican Hold |
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Michigan 2 | Henry Waldron | Republican | 1854 | Retired Republican Hold |
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Michigan 3 | Francis W. Kellogg | Republican | 1858 | Re-elected | <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/>
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Michigan 4 | Dewitt C. Leach | Republican | 1858 | Retired Republican Hold |
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Ohio
District | Incumbent | Party | First elected |
Result | Candidates[10] |
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Ohio 1 | George H. Pendleton | Democratic | 1856 | Re-elected | <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/>
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Ohio 2 | John A. Gurley | Republican | 1858 | Re-elected | <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/>
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Ohio 3 | Clement Vallandigham | Democratic | 1858 (s) | Re-elected | <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/>
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Ohio 4 | William Allen | Democratic | 1858 | Re-elected | <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/>
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Ohio 5 | James M. Ashley | Republican | 1858 | Re-elected | <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/>
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Ohio 6 | William Howard | Democratic | 1858 | Retired Democratic hold |
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Ohio 7 | Thomas Corwin | Republican | 1858 | Re-elected | <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/>
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Ohio 8 | Benjamin Stanton | Republican | 1854 | Retired Republican hold |
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Ohio 9 | John Carey | Republican | 1858 | Lost Re-election Democratic gain |
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Ohio 10 | Carey A. Trimble | Republican | 1858 | Re-elected | <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/>
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Ohio 11 | Charles D. Martin | Democratic | 1858 | Lost Re-election Republican gain |
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Ohio 12 | Samuel S. Cox | Democratic | 1856 | Re-elected | <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/>
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Ohio 13 | John Sherman | Republican | 1854 | Re-elected | <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/>
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Ohio 14 | Harrison G. O. Blake | Republican | 1859 (s) | Re-elected | <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/>
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Ohio 15 | William Helmick | Republican | 1858 | Lost Re-election Democratic gain |
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Ohio 16 | Cydnor B. Tompkins | Republican | 1856 | Lost Re-nomination Republican hold |
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Ohio 17 | Thomas C. Theaker | Republican | 1858 | Lost Re-election Democratic gain |
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Ohio 18 | Sidney Edgerton | Republican | 1858 | Re-elected | <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/>
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Ohio 19 | Edward Wade | Republican | 1852 | Retired Republican hold |
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Ohio 20 | John Hutchins | Republican | 1858 | Re-elected | <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/>
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Ohio 21 | John A. Bingham | Republican | 1854 | Re-elected | <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/>
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Pennsylvania
District | Incumbent | Party | First elected |
Result | Candidates |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pennsylvania 1 | Thomas B. Florence | Democratic | 1848 | Retired Democratic Hold |
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Pennsylvania 2 | Edward J. Morris | People's | 1856 | Re-elected Republican Gain |
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Pennsylvania 3 | John P. Verree | People's | 1858 | Re-elected Republican Gain |
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Pennsylvania 4 | William Millward | People's | 1858 | Retired Republican Gain |
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Pennsylvania 5 | John Wood | People's | 1858 | Retired Republican Gain |
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Pennsylvania 6 | John Hickman | Democratic | 1856 | Re-elected Republican Gain |
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Pennsylvania 7 | Thomas Corwin | Republican | 1858 | Re-elected | <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/>
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Pennsylvania 8 | Jacob K. McKenty | Democratic | 1860 | Retired Democratic hold |
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Pennsylvania 9 | Thaddeus Stevens | People's | 1858 | Re-elected Republican Gain |
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Pennsylvania 10 | John W. Killinger | People's | 1858 | Re-elected Republican Gain |
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Pennsylvania 11 | James H. Campbell | People's | 1858 | Re-elected Republican gain |
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Pennsylvania 12 | George W. Scranton | People's | 1858 | Re-elected Republican gain |
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Pennsylvania 13 | William H. Dimmick | Democratic | 1856 | Retired Democratic hold |
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Pennsylvania 14 | Galusha A. Grow | People's | 1850 | Re-elected Republican gain |
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Pennsylvania 15 | James Tracy Hale | People's | 1858 | Re-elected Republican gain |
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Pennsylvania 16 | Benjamin F. Junkin | People's | 1858 | Defeated Democratic gain |
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Pennsylvania 17 | Edward McPherson | People's | 1858 | Re-elected Republican gain |
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Pennsylvania 18 | Samuel S. Blair | People's | 1858 | Re-elected Republican gain |
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Pennsylvania 19 | John Covode | People's | 1854 | Re-elected Republican gain |
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Pennsylvania 20 | William Montgomery | Democratic | 1856 | Retired Democratic Hold |
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Pennsylvania 21 | James K. Moorhead | People's | 1858 | Re-elected Republican gain |
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Pennsylvania 22 | Robert McKnight | People's | 1858 | Re-elected Republican gain |
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Pennsylvania 23 | William Stewart | People's | 1856 | Retired Republican gain |
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Pennsylvania 24 | Chapin Hall | People's | 1858 | Retired Republican gain |
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Pennsylvania 25 | Elijah Babbitt | People's | 1858 | Re-elected Republican gain |
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Wisconsin
District | Incumbent | Party | First elected |
Result | Candidates |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wisconsin 1 | John F. Potter | Republican | 1856 | Re-elected | <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/>
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Wisconsin 2 | Cadwallader C. Washburn | Republican | 1854 | Retired Republican Hold |
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Wisconsin 3 | Charles H. Larrabee | Democratic | 1858 | Defeated Republican Gain |
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Border South and Middle South
Of the 47 Representatives in these six states, 24 are Union Party, 1 Constitutional Union, 6 Democratic, and 15 will be vacant in Virginia and Tennessee.
These were "slave holding" states, all south of the Mason–Dixon line. The border south states had less than 2% to more than 19% of their 1860 population held as slaves, with an average of 13%; middle south states ranged from 25-33% slaves, with an average of 29%. (Deep south 43-57%, except Texas, with 30%.)[11]
Eight seats in Virginia and seven seats in Tennessee represented large numbers of citizens resisting the Lincoln administration of the United States government during the Civil War. They were declared vacant in 37th Congress documents.[12]
Delaware
District | Incumbent | Party | First elected |
Result | Candidates |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Delaware At-Large | William G. Whiteley | Democratic | 1856 | Retired People's Gain |
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Kentucky
- KY-1. Henry C. Burnett (D)
- KY-2. James S. Jackson (U)
- KY-3. Henry Grider (U)
- KY-4. Aaron Harding (U)
- KY-5. Charles A. Wickliffe (U)
- KY-6. George W. Dunlap (U)
- KY-7. Robert Mallory (U)
- KY-8. John J. Crittenden (U)
- KY-9. William H. Wadsworth (U)
- KY-10. John W. Menzies (U)
Maryland
- MD-1. John W. Crisfield (U)
- MD-2. Edwin H. Webster (U)
- MD-3. Cornelius L. L. Leary (U)
- MD-4. Henry May (U)
- MD-5. Francis Thomas (U)
- MD-6. Charles B. Calvert (U)
Missouri
District | Incumbent | Party | First elected |
Result | Candidates |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Missouri 1 | John Richard Barret | Democratic | 1858 | Lost Re-election Republican Gain |
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Missouri 2 | Thomas L. Anderson | Independent Democrat | 1857 | Retired Constitutional Union Gain |
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Missouri 3 | John Bullock Clark | Democratic | 1856 | Re-elected | <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/>
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Missouri 4 | James Craig | Democratic | 1856 | Lost re-nomination[13] Democratic Hold |
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Missouri 5 | Samuel H. Woodson | American | 1856 | Retired Democratic Gain |
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Missouri 6 | John S. Phelps | Democratic | 1844 | Re-elected | <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/>
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Missouri 7 | John William Noell | Democratic | 1858 | Re-elected | <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/>
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Tennessee
- TN-1. Vacant
- TN-2. Horace Maynard (U)
- TN-3. George W. Bridges (U)
- TN-4. Andrew J. Clements (U)
- TN-5. Vacant
- TN-6. Vacant
- TN-7. Vacant
- TN-8. Vacant
- TN-9. Vacant
- TN-10. Vacant
Virginia
- VA-1. Joseph E. Segar (U) [14]
- VA-2. Vacant
- VA-3. Vacant
- VA-4. Vacant
- VA-5. Vacant
- VA-6. Vacant
- VA-7. Charles H. Upton (U)[14]
- VA-8. Vacant
- VA-9. Vacant
- VA-10. William G. Brown, Sr. (U)
- VA-11. John S. Carlile (U)
- VA-12. Kellian Whaley (U)
- VA-13. Vacant
Trans-Mississippi West
West of the Mississippi, there were 16 Representatives from states, and 9 Delegates from territories. The states elected nine Republicans and one Democrat. The Territories elected four Republicans, one Democrat and two Independents.
When California entered the Union, it broke the free soil - slave state tie in the Senate. Minnesota, and Oregon followed as free soil states. Once Congress was depleted of the secessionist Democrats, the lame duck 36th Congress admitted Kansas as a free state in January, 1861, in time for it to send a Representative to the 37th Congress in March. The Republican Congress elected in 1860 began funding the transcontinental railroad, July, 1862. Nevada was admitted before the end of the Civil War in the next, 38th, Congress.
California
From statehood to 1864, California's representatives were elected at-large, with the top two vote-getters winning election from 1849 to 1858. In the 1860 Census, California gained a seat in the House.
The top three vote-getters were elected, and travelled to Washington, DC. The first two were regularly seated at the beginning of session. When Congress authorized California a third seat, Frederick Low was seated June 3, 1862.
District | Incumbents | Status | Candidates | Winners |
---|---|---|---|---|
At-large seat A | John C. Burch (Democratic) | Retired | Timothy Guy Phelps (Republican) 15.6% Aaron A. Sargent (Republican) 15.3% Frederick F. Low (Republican) 11.8% Henry Edgerton (California) (Independent) 10.7% Joseph C. McKibben (Independent) 10.7% Frank Ganahl (Breck. Dem.) 10.2% Henry P. Barber (Independent) 9.5% D. O. Shattuck (Independent) 9.5% John R. Gitchell (Union Dem.) 6.8% |
Timothy Guy Phelps (Republican) |
At-large seat B | Charles L. Scott (Democratic) | Retired | Aaron A. Sargent (Republican) | |
At-large seat C | New seat created | Frederick Low[Note 15] (Republican) |
Iowa
District | Incumbent | Party | First elected |
Result | Candidates |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Iowa 1 | Samuel R. Curtis | Republican | 1856 | Re-elected | <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/>
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Iowa 2 | William Vandever | Republican | 1858 | Re-elected | <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/>
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Kansas
Minnesota
District | Incumbents | Status | Candidates |
---|---|---|---|
At-large seat A | Cyrus Aldrich (R) | Re-elected | Cyrus Aldrich (R) 31.75% William Windom (R) 31.51% John M. Gilman (D) 17.30% James George (D) 17.24% Alonzo Jay Edgerton (Breckingridge Democrat) 1.12% James W. Taylor (Breckinridge Democrat) 1.09% |
At-large seat B | William Windom (R) | Re-elected |
Oregon
District | Incumbent | Party | First elected |
Result | Candidates |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Oregon 1 | George K. Shiel | Democratic | 1860 | Not Re-nominated Democratic Hold Election Challenged George Shiel Later Seated |
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Non-voting members
- All are trans-Mississippi west non-voting delegates in the 37th Congress. Nevada was admitted as a state in the next Congress.
- Colorado Territory. Hiram P. Bennet (R)
- Dakota Territory. John B. S. Todd (D)
- Nebraska Territory. Samuel G. Daily (R)
- Nevada Territory. John Cradlebaugh (I)
- New Mexico Territory. John S. Watts (R)
- Utah Territory. John M. Bernhisel (I)
- Washington Territory. William H. Wallace (R)
Vacant state delegations
Forty-three seats represented large numbers of citizens in nine states resisting the Lincoln administration of the United States government during the Civil War. The following state delegations were entirely vacated.
- Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee and Virginia are accounted for in the "Border South and Middle South" section above.
Alabama
Arkansas
District | Incumbent | Party | First elected |
Result | Candidates |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arkansas 1 | Thomas C. Hindman | Democratic | 1858 | Re-elected Seat Later Vacated |
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Arkansas 2 | Albert Rust | Democratic | 1858 | Retired Independent Gain Seat Later Vacated |
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Florida
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District | Incumbent | Party | First elected |
Result | Candidates |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Florida At-Large | George S. Hawkins | Democratic | 1856 | Retired Democratic Hold Seat Later Vacated |
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Georgia
- GA-1. Vacant
- GA-2. Vacant
- GA-3. Vacant
- GA-4. Vacant
- GA-5. Vacant
- GA-6. Vacant
- GA-7. Vacant
- GA-8. Vacant
Louisiana
- LA-1. Benjamin F. Flanders (U)
- LA-2. Michael Hahn (U)
- LA-3. Vacant
- LA-4. Vacant
Mississippi
North Carolina
- NC-1. Vacant
- NC-2. Vacant
- NC-3. Vacant
- NC-4. Vacant
- NC-5. Vacant
- NC-6. Vacant
- NC-7. Vacant
- NC-8. Vacant
South Carolina
District | Incumbent | Party | First elected |
Result | Candidates |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
South Carolina 1 | John McQueen | Democratic | 1844 | Re-elected Seat Later Vacated |
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South Carolina 2 | William P. Miles | Democratic | 1856 | Re-elected Seat Later Vacated |
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South Carolina 3 | Laurence M. Keitt | Democratic | 1853 | Retired Democratic Hold Seat Later Vacated |
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South Carolina 4 | Milledge L. Bonham | Democratic | 1858 | Re-elected Seat Later Vacated |
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South Carolina 5 | John D. Ashmore | Democratic | 1858 | Re-elected Seat Later Vacated |
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South Carolina 6 | William W. Boyce | Democratic | 1853 | Re-elected Seat Later Vacated |
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Texas
See also
- United States presidential election, 1860
- United States Senate elections, 1860
- 37th United States Congress
Notes
- ↑ Included eight Anti-Lecompton Democrats and seven independent Democrats.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Includes one independent Democrat, James E. Kerrigan, elected to from New York's 4th congressional district.
- ↑ Includes Unionists, Constitutional Unionists, and the two "Union" members from Rhode Island.
- ↑ Kansas was not admitted until January 29, 1861, near the end of the 36th Congress, the winner of this election served in both the 36th and 37th Congresses.
- ↑ In 1845, Congress passed a law providing for a uniform date for choosing presidential electors (see: Statutes at Large, 28th Congress, 2nd Session, p. 721). Congressional elections were unaffected by this law, but the date was gradually adopted by the states for Congressional elections as well.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Know-Nothings
- ↑ Two elections were held in 1860, and controversy existed over which election was valid.
- ↑ 1 seat added
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 Previously Opposition members.
- ↑ 7 vacancies
- ↑ 8 vacancies
- ↑ 1 Opposition and 1 Know-Nothing
- ↑ Excludes states that seceded before the start of Congress
- ↑ Compared to 19 Opposition and 5 Know-Nothings in previous election of 1858.
- ↑ Frederick F. Low, the candidate with the third highest vote in the at-large election for California's Congressional delegation, was seated when Congress approved California's third seat in the House of Representatives, from June 3, 1862.
References
- ↑ Martis, pp. 114–115.
- ↑ 12 Stat. 411
- ↑ Martis, pp. 111, 113, 115.
- ↑ Martis, pp. 31–35.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Martis, p. 36.
- ↑ Martis, p. 34.
- ↑ Martis, pp. 114, 115.
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- ↑ Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress, (1774–2005), "Official Annotated Membership Roster by State with Vacancy and Special Election Information for the 37th Congress".
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress, (1774–2005), "Official Annotated Membership Roster by State with Vacancy and Special Election Information for the 37th Congress |Official Annotated Membership Roster" Joseph E. Segar was elected in Virginia on October 24, 1861. Cite error: Invalid
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Bibliography
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External links
- Office of the Historian (Office of Art & Archives, Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives)