University of Buckingham

Rankings
Complete; (2016, national)	57
Times/Sunday Times; (2016, national)	41

University of Buckingham
	250px
Motto	Alis Volans Propriis (Latin)
Motto in English	"Flying On Our Own Wings"
Type	Private
Established	1976 as university college; 1983 as university
Chancellor	Tessa Keswick
Vice-Chancellor	Sir Anthony Seldon
Students	2,245 (2014/15)
Undergraduates	1,150 (2014/15)
Postgraduates	1,095 (2014/15)
Location	Buckingham , England ; Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Website	www.buckingham.ac.uk

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The Church of St Rumbold in Buckingham now forms part of the University of Buckingham.

The University of Buckingham (UB) is the only private university in the United Kingdom operating under a royal charter.^[4] It is located in Buckingham, England, and was originally founded as the University College at Buckingham (UCB) in 1973.^[1] It was granted university status by royal charter in 1983.^[1] The university has been closely linked to Margaret Thatcher. As Education Secretary she oversaw the creation of the university college in 1973, and as Prime Minister she was instrumental in elevating it to a university in 1983 – thus creating the first private university in the UK. And when she retired from politics in 1992, she became the university's second chancellor, a post she held until 1998.^[5]

The university's finances for teaching operate entirely on direct student fees: it does not receive state funding (via HEFCE or otherwise). It has formal charity status as a not-for-profit institution dedicated to the ends of research and education.^[6]^[7]^[8]

Buckingham offers bachelor's degrees, master's degrees and doctoral degrees through five "schools" (or faculties) of study.

The university is a member of the Independent Universities Group, created in January 2015 by eight non-profit and for-profit institutions with degree-awarding powers and/or university title. The group's aim is to be “the Russell Group of the alternative sector” and to dissociate its members from more “dodgy” for-profit colleges.^[9] The university is one of the twenty-six English universities with a School of Medicine, i.e. it trains doctors at undergraduate and postgraduate level.

History

Some of the founding academics migrated from the University of Oxford,^[10] disillusioned or wary of aspects of the late-1960s ethos. On 27 May 1967, The Times published a letter from J. W. Paulley, a physician, who wrote: <templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />

"Is it now time to examine the possibility of creating at least one university in this country on the pattern of [the] great private foundations in the USA."^[11]

Three London conferences followed which explored this idea.^[12]

Subsequently, the university was incorporated as the University College of Buckingham in 1976 and received its Royal Charter from the Queen in 1983.

Its development was influenced by the libertarian Institute of Economic Affairs, in particular, Harry Ferns and Ralph Harris, heads of the Institute. In keeping with its adherence to a libertarian philosophy, the university's foundation-stone was laid by Margaret Thatcher, who was also to be the university's Chancellor (nominal and ceremonial head) between 1993 and 1998.

The university's first three Vice-Chancellors were Lord Beloff (1913–1999), former Gladstone Professor of Politics at the University of Oxford; Sir Alan Peacock, the economist, founder of the Economics department at the University of York, and Fellow of the British Academy; and Sir Richard Luce, now Lord Luce, the former Minister for the Arts.

Campus

A weir and mill that fall within Buckingham University's Hunter Street campus.

Tanlaw Mill, formerly the old Town Mill (OTM)

Near the centre of the town of Buckingham is the river-side campus, which is partly contained within a south-turning bend of the River Great Ouse. Here, on or just off Hunter Street, are some of the university's central buildings: the Reception and central administration; the Anthony de Rothchild building (which contains Business and Economics); the Humanities Library; and also some of the student accommodation, looking northwards across the river. Prebend House, a recently restored Georgian house, contains parts of the department of Politics and also Economics. On the other side of Hunter Street, on the so-called 'island', is the Tanlaw Mill, one of the university's social centres—with the main refectory, the Fitness Centre, and the Students' Union Office.

Overlooking this site, on the hill above, is the extensive Chandos Building. This complex contains the main teaching areas for English Literature, English Language, Journalism, Modern Foreign Languages, and the Foundation programmes, and also some of the teaching rooms and one of the lecture theatres for Medicine. It also houses the Ian-Fairburn Lecture Theatre, the largest lecture theatre on the river-side site. Adjacent to the Chandos Building, is the Department of Education. This has both a research arm, and also a teacher training (PGCE) faculty.

Further on, up the hill, on the London Road, is another element of the campus, in particular the School of Law, which is housed in the Franciscan Building, surrounded by other student accommodation blocks. This is opposite the swimming pool and leisure centre. The university has been expanding in recent years. It has acquired a new site on the west side of the river, which will increase the capacity of the river-side campus as a whole. Teaching on some master's degrees takes place in London, in Grosvenor Place, at the home of one its partner institutions: the European School of Economics, and some Life Science programmes are also run in Central London, in conjunction with Medipathways College (see below).

Organisation and governance

Chancellor

Since 2014, the Chancellor of the University is The Hon. Tessa, Lady Keswick. The immediate past- Chancellor is Sir Martin Jacomb, Chairman of Canary Wharf Group PLC, and Share PLC (in Aylesbury), and the director of other companies including Oxford Playhouse Trust. He was Chairman of Prudential PLC from 1995 to 2000 and last year retired from the boards of Rio Tinto Group and Marks & Spencer. Former Chancellors of the university have been Margaret Thatcher who retired in 1999, and Lord Hailsham of St Marylebone.

Lord Tanlaw was appointed to succeed Sir Martin as Chancellor in May 2010. He stepped down in 2013.^[13]

Vice-Chancellor

Sir Anthony Seldon has been appointed as vice-chancellor from 1 September 2015 from Wellington College where he was 13th Master. The outgoing Vice-Chancellor is Terence Kealey, formerly of the Department of Clinical Biochemistry at Cambridge University, who has held the post since April 2001. Kealey is known for his research that challenges the idea that education and science are public goods needing public subsidies. He wrote an academic book on the subject in 1996, "The Economic Laws of Scientific Research", which he repackaged and updated for a general audience in 2008 as "Sex, Science and Profits".^[14]

In February 2010, Kealey proposed the establishment of a new independent university, modelled on American liberal arts colleges, that would concentrate on undergraduate teaching rather than research.^[15]^[16] The plan is currently being considered by the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference (HMC), whose 243 members include independent schools such as Eton College, Winchester College and St Paul's School, London. Kealey believes that complaints about impersonal teaching and oversized classes at many traditional universities mean there will be strong demand for higher education with staff-student ratios similar to that provided by independent secondary schools. He stepped down in July 2014.^[17]

Academic profile

Teaching

The university's five schools are: Law; Humanities; Arts and Languages; Business; and Science and Medicine. Each of these is presided over by a Dean, or in the case of the School of Law, by a temporary Dean since February 2013.

The quality of the University's provision is maintained, as at other UK universities, by an external examiner system (i.e., professors from other universities oversee and report on exams and marking), by an academic advisory council (comprising a range of subject-specialist academics from other universities), and by membership of the Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education (QAA).

The Department of Education has two aspects, research and vocational: it conducts research into education and school provision, and also maintains various PGCE courses for teacher training. The Department of Education is home to some of the most prominent educationalists in Britain, including Chris Woodhead (former head of Ofsted), Anthony O'Hear (director of the Royal Institute of Philosophy), and Alan Smithers. Its postgraduate certificate in education – which deals with both the state and the independent sector – is accredited with Qualified Teacher Status which means that it also qualifies graduates to teach in the state sector.

The university was created as a liberal arts college, and still describes itself as such, although in an interview with The Guardian in 2003, then Vice-Chancellor Terence Kealey remarked that it had "become a vocational school for law and business for non-British students, because that's where the market has taken us".^[18] Consequently, major humanities subjects such as history and politics are no longer offered as stand-alone degrees, instead being combined with economics as a degree in international studies. Economics, however, is available as a stand-alone degree as is English literature, as a single honours subject, and in combinations with English Language, or Journalism, and related areas. The Professor of Economics, and Dean of Humanities, Martin Ricketts, is the chair of the Institute of Economic Affairs Academic Advisory Council.

Some degree programmes at Buckingham, Law for example, place greater emphasis on exams as an assessment method rather than coursework, but in general its degree programmes balance assessment between exams and coursework.^[19]

School of Medicine

The School of Medicine offers postgraduate MD programmes for qualified doctors in a range of specialisations. From January 2015 it offers an undergraduate medical qualification (MBChB)^[20] and it has started accepting its first batch of undergraduates at a cost of £35,000 per year.^[21] The university accepts international and EU students. The school is known as the University of Buckingham Medical School and is in partnership with Milton Keynes NHS Trust and Milton Keynes University Hospital.^[21]

Historically, the School had several associations with the alternative medicine community. The School ran a Diploma course in integrated medicine that was later withdrawn under pressure from David Colquhoun,^[22] a campaigner against pseudoscience and alternative medicine. The Dean of the School, Karol Sikora, was a Foundation Fellow of Prince Charles's now-defunct alternative medicine lobby group, the Foundation for Integrated Health^[23] and is Chair of the Faculty of Integrated Medicine, which is unaffiliated with any university but also includes Rosy Daniel and Mark Atkinson, who co-ordinated Buckingham's "integrated medicine" course.^[22] Daniel has been criticised by David Colquhoun for breaches of the Cancer Act 1939, regarding claims she made for Carctol, a herbal dietary supplement with no utility in treating cancer.^[22] Andrew Miles is on the scientific council of the College of Medicine^[24] an alternative medicine lobby group linked to the Prince of Wales.^[25] Sikora is also a "professional member" of this organisation.^[26]

Professor of Theoretical Medicine at the school is Bruce Charlton, controversial editor of the journal Medical Hypotheses, who was dismissed as editor by publisher Elsevier^[27]^[28] over the publication of a paper by AIDS denialists claiming that HIV is not responsible for AIDS^[29] and concerns over the lack of peer-review at the journal.^[30]^[31]

Degrees

The university offers traditional degrees over a shorter time-frame. Students at Buckingham study for eight terms over two years, rather than nine terms over three, which (with extra teaching) fits a three-year degree into two years. From September 2009, tuition fees for full-time UK and EU undergraduate students have been £8,040 per year for these two-year bachelor's degree programmes. For non-EU students, fees are equivalent to £13,500 p.a. Because Buckingham's degrees take two years to complete, the university views its courses as cost-effective compared to ordinary UK university courses, once living expenses and the income from an extra year's employment are taken into account. In some subject areas, notably Humanities, the university is now offering its degrees over different time-scales, i.e. both the 2-year 'intensive' model, working the extra summer term per year, and also the traditional 3-year model with the usual summer break each year.

External degrees and validation

The university awards undergraduate and graduate (Masters/MBA) degrees to students who have studied at the European School of Economics and at the Sarajevo School of Science and Technology.^{[citation needed]}

The University validates courses in medicine at Medipathways College, a small private college based in London. Medipathways operates dentistry and medicine courses and in late 2014 was found by the Higher Education Quality Assurance Agency 'to be at serious risks of failure'; the University disagreed with the assessment.^[32]

Research

The Humanities Research Institute includes academics working in a range of disciplines, particularly military history, security studies, political history, the history of art, 19th-century literature and social history.^[33]^{[self-published source?]}^[34]

Alan Smithers runs the Centre for Education and Employment Research, from within the Department of Education.^[35]

From the English department, John Drew runs Dickens Journals Online, the project which has put the whole of Dickens's journalistic output on free-access on the web.^[36]

Anthony Glees is Director of the Centre for Security and Intelligence Studies.^[37]

Reputation and rankings

The Guardian University Guide for 2013 ranked Buckingham in 16th position out of 120 UK higher education institutes.^[40] The Complete University Guide for 2014 ranked Buckingham in 57th place out of 124 UK higher education institutes.^[41] The Times Good University Guide 2013 ranked Buckingham in its league tables in 41st position out of 120 UK higher education institutes. The Sunday Times University Guide for 2013 ranked Buckingham in its league tables in 61st (2012: 56th) position out of 122 UK higher education institutes. It was ranked 17 for graduate employability in 2015.^[42] It is not mentioned on top of the NSS 2015.^[43]

Departments

The most recent league tables of individual university departments in The Guardian University Guide 2013, produced by The Guardian newspaper, ranked the Business department as 28th (out of 116) in the country, English as 14th (out of 106), Economics as 17th (out of 70), Psychology 20th (out of 109), and Law as 30th (out of 97). It is not represented in any other field.^[44]

Quality

The university's Royal Charter, unlike those of other universities, provides for three sovereign bodies, the third one (in addition to the usual Council and Senate) being the Academic Advisory Council, which is a group of external academics that audits the academic staff.^{[citation needed]}

When the national Quality Assurance Agency (QAA) was created, the university felt it should join, even though it perceives itself as markedly different from the state-funded universities that the QAA otherwise audits.^{[citation needed]} The university got "broad confidence" (the highest band) in its first QAA audit in 2003,^[45] but "limited confidence" in its last QAA audit in 2008.^[46]

This poor assessment led to criticism of the QAA by prominent Buckingham academics^[47]^[48] which were rebuffed by the QAA.^[49] A 2012 QAA Institutional Review found that the <templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />

"Academic standards at the university meet UK expectations for threshold standards. The quality of student learning opportunities at the university meets UK expectations. [and] The enhancement of student learning opportunities at the university meets UK expectations".^[50]

It is to note that educational oversight is distinguished from an institutional review, since the quality of degrees remains "limited in confidence", while the structure of the institution meets UK expectation.^[51]
In its 2014 audit the university breached its own plagiarism rules.^[52]