Voiced labiodental fricative
Voiced labiodental fricative | |
---|---|
v | |
IPA Number | 129 |
Encoding | |
Entity (decimal) | v |
Unicode (hex) | U+0076 |
X-SAMPA | v |
Braille | ![]() |
The voiced labiodental fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨v⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is v.
Although this is a familiar sound to most European and Middle Eastern listeners, it is cross-linguistically a fairly uncommon sound, being only a quarter as frequent as [w]. The presence of [v] and absence of [w], is a very distinctive areal feature of European languages and those of adjacent areas of Siberia and Central Asia.[citation needed] Speakers of East Asian languages that lack this sound tend to pronounce it as [p] (Mandarin), [b] (Japanese), or [f]/[w] (Cantonese), thus failing to distinguish a number of English minimal pairs.[citation needed]
Features
Features of the voiced labiodental fricative:
- Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is labiodental, which means it is articulated with the lower lip and the upper teeth.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the central–lateral dichotomy does not apply.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abkhaz | европа | [evˈropʼa] | 'Europe' | See Abkhaz phonology | |
Afrikaans | wees | [ˈveə̯s] | 'to be' | See Afrikaans phonology | |
Albanian | valixhe | [vaˈlidʒɛ] | 'case' | ||
Arabic | Siirt[1] | ذهب | [vaˈhab] | 'gold' | See Arabic phonology |
Armenian | Eastern[2] | վեց | <phonos file="vɛtsʰ.ogg">[vɛtsʰ]</phonos> | 'six' | |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic | ktava | [kta:va] | 'book' | Only in the Urmia dialects. [ʋ] is also predominantly used. Corresponds to [w] in the other varieties. | |
Bai | Dali | ? | [ŋv˩˧] | 'fish' | |
Bulgarian | вода | [vɔda] | 'water' | See Bulgarian phonology | |
Catalan | Balearic[3] | viu | [ˈviw] | 'live' | See Catalan phonology |
Southern Catalonia[4] | |||||
Valencian[4] | |||||
Chechen | вашa / vaṣa | [vaʃa] | 'brother' | ||
Chinese | Wu | 饭 | [vɛ] | 'cooked rice' | |
Czech | voda | [voda] | 'water' | See Czech phonology | |
Danish | Standard[5] | véd | [ve̝ːˀð̠˕ˠ] | 'know(s)' | Most often an approximant [ʋ].[6] See Danish phonology |
Dutch | All dialects | wraak | [vraːk] | 'revenge' | Allophone of /ʋ/ before /r/. See Dutch phonology |
Most dialects | vreemd | [vreːmt] | 'strange' | Often devoiced to [f] by speakers from the Netherlands. See Dutch phonology | |
Standard[7] | |||||
English | valve | [væɫv] | 'valve' | See English phonology | |
Ewe[8] | evlo | [évló] | 'he is evil' | ||
Faroese[9] | veður | [ˈveːʋuɹ] | 'speech' | Word-initial allophone of /v/, in free variation with an approximant [ʋ].[9] See Faroese phonology | |
French[10] | valve | [valv] | 'valve' | See French phonology | |
Georgian[11] | ვიწრო | [ˈvitsʼɾo] | 'narrow' | ||
German | Wächter | [ˈvɛçtɐ] | 'guard' | See German phonology | |
Greek | βερνίκι verníki | [ve̞rˈnici] | 'varnish' | See Modern Greek phonology | |
Hebrew | גב | [ɡav] | 'back' | See Modern Hebrew phonology | |
Hindi[12] | व्रत | [vrət̪] | 'fast' | See Hindustani phonology | |
Hungarian | veszély | [vɛseːj] | 'danger' | See Hungarian phonology | |
Irish | bhaile | [vaːlə] | 'home' | See Irish phonology | |
Italian[13] | avare | [aˈvare] | 'miserly' (f.pl.) | See Italian phonology | |
Judaeo-Spanish | mueve | [ˈmwɛvɛ] | 'nine' | ||
Kabardian | вагъуэ | <phonos file="Vaːʁʷa.ogg">[vaːʁʷa]</phonos> | 'star' | Corresponds to [ʒʷ] in Adyghe | |
Macedonian | вода | [vɔda] | 'water' | See Macedonian phonology | |
Maltese | iva | [iva] | 'yes' | ||
Norwegian | Standard Eastern[14][15][16][17] | venn | [vɛ̝nː] | 'friend' | Allophone of /ʋ/ before a pause and in emphatic speech.[17] See Norwegian phonology |
Occitan | Auvergnat | vol | [vɔl] | 'flight' | See Occitan phonology |
Limousin | |||||
Provençal | |||||
Polish[18] | wór | <phonos file="Pl-wór.ogg">[vur]</phonos> | 'bag' | See Polish phonology | |
Portuguese[19] | vila | [ˈvilɐ] | 'town' | See Portuguese phonology | |
Romanian | val | [val] | 'wave' | See Romanian phonology | |
Russian[20] | волосы | [ˈvoləsɨ] | 'hair' | Contrasts with palatalized form. See Russian phonology | |
Serbo-Croatian[21] | гроф би / grof bi | [ɡrô̞v bi] | 'the earl would' | Allophone of /f/ before voiced consonants.[21] See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
Slovak | voda | <phonos file="SK-voda.ogg">[voda]</phonos> | 'water' | ||
Spanish[22] | afgano | [ävˈɣ̞äno̞] | 'Afghan' | Allophone of /f/ before voiced consonants. See Spanish phonology | |
Swedish | vägg | [ˈvɛɡː] | 'wall' | See Swedish phonology | |
Turkish | cetvel | [dʒetvæl] | 'ruler' | Allophone of /ʋ/ after voiceless consonants. See Turkish phonology | |
Vietnamese[23] | và | [vaː˨˩] | 'and' | In southern dialects, is in free variation with [j]. See Vietnamese phonology | |
Welsh | fi | [vi] | 'I' | ||
West Frisian | weevje | [ˈʋeːvjə] | 'to weave' | Never occurs in word-initial positions | |
Yi | ꃶ/vu | [vu˧] | 'intestines' |
See also
References
- ↑ Watson (2002:15)
- ↑ Dum-Tragut (2009:18)
- ↑ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:53)
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Wheeler (2002:13)
- ↑ Basbøll (2005:62)
- ↑ Basbøll (2005:66)
- ↑ Gussenhoven (1992:45)
- ↑ Ladefoged (2005:156)
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Árnason (2011:115)
- ↑ Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
- ↑ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
- ↑ Kristoffersen (2000:74)
- ↑ Strandskogen (1979:28 and 32)
- ↑ Skaug (2003:100)
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 Vanvik (1979:41)
- ↑ Jassem (2003:103)
- ↑ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
- ↑ Padgett (2003:42)
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 Landau et al. (1999:67)
- ↑ http://www.uclm.es/profesorado/nmoreno/compren/material/2006apuntes_fonetica.pdf; http://plaza.ufl.edu/lmassery/Consonantes%20oclusivasreviewlaurie.doc
- ↑ Thompson (1959:458–461)
Bibliography
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